Research data supporting Microwave-assisted valorization of glycerol to solketal using biomass-derived heterogeneous catalyst

Research data supporting the full paper entitled "Microwave-assisted valorization of glycerol to solketal using biomass-derived heterogeneous catalyst " by S. Ao et al. in Fuel, 2023, 345, 128190. A heterogeneous biomass-based carbonaceous solid acid catalyst (SAFACAM) whose preparation we reported in https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.12.001 was used multiple times in the production of solketal. The following supporting data are deposited here: X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) used a PANalytical X’Pert Pro diffractometer (Cu Kα radiation, 2theta = 10-60°, 100 mA current and 40 kV operating voltage). Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analysis used a Micromeritics ASAP 2010 surface area and porosity analyzer after sample degassing for 10 h and 150 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) used a Metter Toledo TGA/DSC 1. Heating rate 10 °C min–1 and constant N2 flow in the range 50-600 °C. FT-IR analysis was by Nicolet iS50 spectrometer (Thermofisher). Solid-state magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy used a Bruker AVANCE 400 MHz (9.4 T) instrument with a 4 mm double resonance probe. 1H-13C cross-polarization (CP) used 100 kHz 1H broadband SPINAL64, at 10 kHz MAS, 4 ms CP contact time (75 kHz ramped 1H, 65 kHz square 13C contact pulses), and a 2 s recycle delay. Shifts were referenced externally against the methylene 13C signal of glycine (43.1 ppm). 20 Hz exponential line broadening was applied when processing. Experiments used Bruker TopSpin 2.1. The catalyst was used to prepare solketal. Product analysis used an Agilent 7890 runing in head-space injector mode, and using a CPSIL 8CB capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm) and a GC FID detector. Oven temperature was increased from 55 °C to 230 °C at 10 °C min–1. The temperature of the detector and the injector were 300 °C and 250 °C, respectively. Dimethyl sulfoxide internal standard. A Shimadzu QP 2010 Ultra mass spectrometer was used in HRMS. 1H and 1H 13C NMR spectra were obtained on a Bruker Avance II 500 MHz spectrometer. Deuterated solvent was stored over molecular sieves (3 Å). Chemical shifts were internally referenced to the deuterated solvent. Data collected at 28 °C

Biomass waste-derived catalysts for biodiesel production: Recent advances and key challenges

Biomass-derived catalysts are being intensively studied as potential replacements for traditional chemical catalysts in the sustainable generation of biodiesel because of their unique combination of characteristics; catalytic activity, low-cost, plentiful supply and ecologically friendly and efficient manufacturing procedures. This critical review discusses the recently reported approaches that have been used (mostly since 2016) towards cost-effective and environmentally benign solid base/acid/acid-base catalysts from a range of biomass. Sources include shells, animal bones, and plants. Outlined alongside the push for optimized conversion and yield is the increasing trend for enhanced catalyst reusability and recyclability. Outstanding technical problems associated with catalyst preparation or stability, or waste generation are considered individually. The outlook for solving each of these is discussed, as is the potential of biomass-derived catalysts and the biodiesel they produce to develop the fields of fuel synthesis and energy use. Overall, this review aims to assess the viability of biomass-derived catalysts in the commercial sector and the most promising routes for transferring new technologies from the academic environment to industry

Synthesis and utilization of biomass-derived sulfonated heterogeneous catalyst-BT-SO3H for microalgal biodiesel production

The study investigates the potential of utilizing banana trunk-derived porous activated biochar enriched with SO3H- as a catalyst for eco-friendly biodiesel production from the microalga Chlorella vulgaris. An extensive analysis, employing advanced techniques such as XRD, FTIR, TGA, XPS, NH3-TPD, BET, SEM-EDX, and TEM, was conducted to elucidate the physicochemical properties of BT-SO3H catalysts. The synthesized catalyst demonstrated its efficiency in converting the total lipids of Chlorella vulgaris into biodiesel, with varying concentrations of 3%, 5%, and 7%. Notably, using a 5% BT-SO3H concentration resulted in remarkably higher biodiesel production about 58.29%. Additionally, the fatty acid profile of C. vulgaris biodiesel indicated that C16:0 was the predominant fatty acid at 24.31%, followed by C18:1 (19.68%), C18:3 (11.45%), and C16:1 (7.56%). Furthermore, the biodiesel produced via 5% BT-SO3H was estimated to have higher levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) at 34.28%, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) at 30.70%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) at 24.24%. These findings highlight the promising potential of BT-SO3H catalysts for efficient and environmentally friendly biodiesel production from microalgal species