Internet governance: present situation of Bangladesh and Malaysia

Internet is a very well-known word in this world sinceit has a revolutionary impact on our society. Nowadays we cannot think about our daily life without using internet and speciallysocial media is solely connected to it. Mass media has become more powerful in terms of spreading any news throughout the globe. With the help of social media we can attainalmost every information about the happenings of the world.At the same time, it has become very easy to create confusion among peopleby manipulating information and spreading it among people.Authorites has come forward tosuppress this kind of adversepactice of social media and imposed some regulations locallyas well as internationally. The aim of this paper is to focus on legal aspects of internet governance and the ongoing situation in terms of accessing social media in Bangladesh and Malaysia. It is qualitative research work.The information entitled in this paper has been extracted from various newspapers, articles, books and statutes. The Government of Malaysia and Bangladesh has adopted some Acts, Rules, and Regulations to avoid the malpractice of misusing Internet

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and unexpected world health crisis

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus and it has created unexpected world crisis which never happen after second world war. On 30 January 2020, the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of COVID-19 to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and issued a set of Temporary Recommendations. There is a new public health crisis threatening the world with the emergence and spread of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus originated in bats and was transmitted to humans through yet unknown intermediary animals in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019. The objective of the paper is to identify the reason to spread COVID-19 and to identify the possible solution to prevent COVID-19. It is a qualitative research. The information has collected studying articles, books and newspapers. People can recover from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Catching the new coronavirus does not mean you will have it for life. Most of the people who catch COVID-19 can recover and eliminate the virus from their bodies

Levenberg Marquardt artificial neural network model for self organising networks implementation in wireless sensor network

The Wireless Sensor Network needs to become a dynamic and adaptive network to conserve energy stored in the wireless sensor network node battery. This dynamic and adaptive network sometimes are called SON (Self Organizing Network). Several SON concepts have been developed such as routing, clustering, intrusion detection, and other. Although several SON concepts already exist, however, there is no concept for SON in dynamic radio configuration. Therefore, the authors’ contribution to this field would be proposing a dynamic and adaptive Wireless Sensor Network node radio configuration. The significance of their work lies in the modelling of the SON network that builds based on our measurement in the real‐world jungle environment. The authors propose input parameters such as SNR, the distance between the transmitter and receiver, and frequency as the static parameter. For adaptive parameters, we propose bandwidth, spreading factor, and its most important parameter such as power for data transmission. Using the Levenberg Marquardt Artificial Neural Network (LM‐ANN) self‐organise Network model, power reduction and optimisation from 20 dBm to 14.9 dBm for SNR 3, to 11.5 dBm for SNR 6, and to 12.9 dBm for SNR 9 all within a 100‐m range can be achieved. With this result, the authors conclude that we can use LM‐ANN for the wireless sensor network SON model in the jungle environment

Smart farming: legal issues and challenges

Smart farming is a revolutionary concept of modern science that denotes conducting farming activities using smart devices such as, IoT, robotics, drones, and AI. It can increase the quantity and quality of products significantly while optimizing the human labour. This paper explores different legal aspects of smart farming from the viewpoint of both the farm owner and the service provider. The purpose of this study is to analyse the legal issues and challenges arising out of smart farming and to suggest some recommendations to mitigate these issues. The study uses doctrinal legal research methodology followed by exploratory and analytical approach. Both primary and secondary sources are considered for identifying and interpreting data. The study finds that without specific, dedicated, and comprehensive legal regime it is impossible to govern the legal aspects of smart farming for any country. Therefore, it is recommended that every country needs a comprehensive legal regime to mitigate the legal issues and challenges of smart farming son that optimum benefit from smart farming can be attained and at the same time farm owners and service providers can be legally protected

Modeling and Quantifying Palm Trees Foliage Loss using LoRa Radio Links for Smart Agriculture Applications

LoRa LPWAN (Long Range Low Power Wide Area Network) technology is a radio modulation technology which is widely used in various IoT applications for its unique feature of long-range coverage, low power consumption and low deployment and maintenance cost. Because of these features LoRa is mostly chosen for performing communication in agricultural monitoring. In this paper, palm-oil foliage effect has been studied in terms of foliage loss. Specifically, five different sized palm oil trees were studied utilizing 915MHz and 868MHz frequencies to quantify LoRa link loss for three different propagation path crossings the trunk, the canopy, and the treetop. This research was undergone measuring the RSSI data to find the average foliage propagation loss due to a single palm-oil tree. It has been found that the trunk of the palm-oil trees contributes in RSSI degradation while a significant loss is noticed in canopy region of the trees. The result demonstrates the need for further investigations of path loss modelling in Palm-oil plantation environment because the densely scattered leaves and branches of the palm-oil trees will be accountable for significant propagation loss for implementing LoRa-IoT agricultural applications in palm oil plantation

A Study of LoRa Signal Propagation in Hilly Suburban Area for Smart City Applications

Long-range (LoRa) is a wireless LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) communication technology has been developed for many Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications in industrial sectors as well as smart city applications. The performance of LoRa can be affected by environmental factors that was witnessed in recent research trends. Other geological factors like terrain types may also have an impact on the link performance. Hence, this paper highlights the geological factors that affect LoRa performance in hilly area propagation for smart city applications. In addition, an experiment was carried out using 915MHz frequency in the hilly suburban region of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to investigate the performance of LoRa utilizing different spreading factors (SF7, SF8, SF10, SF12) and putting the receiver in various altitude scenarios. The RSSI and packet receive ratio (PRR) were used to determine the coverage and performance analysis in hilly suburban area. The outcome of this study shows that the LoRa signal propagation is affected by the hilly terrain scenarios. Because of the hilly region, the coverage could be as limited as 1.25Km and the packet receive ratio was reduced by 65%. Further research is needed to clarify the detailed propagation scenario between the transmitter and receiver in hilly areas to propose an optimal propagation model for a suburban hilly terrain

Regulating online broadcast media against offensive materials in Malaysia

Nowadays, online broadcasting services such as, Hotstar, Hulu, Netflix, Iflix Pandora, Amazon Prime Video etc are very popular in Malaysia for original video contents. Due to the rapid growth of online broadcasting services in Malaysia, it is necessary to examine the legal and regulatory framework governing the contents of online broadcasting services. Objectives: The basic objective of this study is to scrutinize the efficacy and applicability of the Communications and Multimedia Act (1998) and other relevant laws of Malaysia in regulating online broadcasting services with special concentration on offensive materials and hate speeches. It also tries to identify the major weaknesses of the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC), the main regulatory body in dealing with this specific matter. Methods: Legal and doctrinal research methodology is applied in this study followed by an analytical approach. Relevant data are collected after analyzing both the primary and secondary legal sources. Finding: Findings of the study reveals that the contents of online broadcasting services do not frequently violate the relevant laws and regulations of Malaysia and sometimes their agreement with consumers are made in such a way as to avoid legal responsibility for the contents provided. Hence, it is recommended that the online broadcasting services and its contents should be made subject to a special legal framework by enacting new laws and introducing a special regulatory body

A multiwall path-loss prediction model using 433 mhz LoRa-WAN frequency to characterize Foliage’s influence in a Malaysian palm oil plantation environment

Palm oil is the main cash crop of tropical Asia, and the implementation of LPWAN (lowpower wide-area network) technologies for smart agriculture applications in palm oil plantations will benefit the palm oil industry in terms of making more revenue. This research attempts to characterize the LoRa 433 MHz frequency channels for the available spreading factors (SF7-SF12) and bandwidths (125 kHz, 250 kHz, and 500 kHz) for wireless sensor networks. The LoRa channel modeling in terms of path-loss calculation uses empirical measurements of RSS (received signal strength) in a palm oil plantation located in Selangor, Malaysia. In this research, about 1500 LoS (line-of-sight) and 300 NLoS (non-line-of-sight) propagation measurement data are collected for path-loss prediction modeling. Using the empirical data, a prediction model is constructed. The path-loss exponent for LoS propagation of the proposed prediction model is found to be 2.34 and 2.9 for 125–250 kHz bandwidth and 500 kHz bandwidth, respectively. Again, for the NLoS propagation links, the attenuation per trunk is found to be 7.58 dB, 7.04 dB, 5.35 dB, 5.02 dB, 5.01 dB, and 5 dB for SF7-SF12, and the attenuation per canopy is found to be 9.32 dB, 7.96 dB, 6.2 dB, 5.89 dB, 5.79 dB, and 5.45 dB for SF7-SF12. Moreover, the prediction model is found to be the better choice (mean RMSE 2.74 dB) in comparison to the empirical foliage loss models (Weissberger’s and ITU-R) to predict the path loss in palm oil plantations

Near ground pathloss propagation model using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system for wireless sensor network communication in forest, jungle, and open dirt road environments

In Wireless Sensor Networks which are deployed in remote and isolated tropical areas; such as forest; jungle; and open dirt road environments; wireless communications usually suffer heavily because of the environmental effects on vegetation; terrain; low antenna height; and distance. Therefore; to solve this problem; the Wireless Sensor Network communication links must be designed for their best performance using the suitable electromagnetic wave behavior model in a given environment. This study introduces and analyzes the behavior of the LoRa pathloss propagation model for signals that propagate at near ground or that have low transmitter and receiver antenna heights from the ground (less than 30 cm antenna height). Using RMSE and MAE statistical analysis tools; we validate the developed model results. The developed Fuzzy ANFIS model achieves the lowest RMSE score of 0.88 at 433 MHz and the lowest MAE score of 1.61 at 433 MHz for both open dirt road environments. The Optimized FITU-R Near Ground model achieved the lowest RMSE score of 4.08 at 868 MHz for the forest environment and lowest MAE score of 14.84 at 868 MHz for the open dirt road environment. The Okumura-Hata model achieved the lowest RMSE score of 6.32 at 868 MHz and the lowest MAE score of 26.12 at 868 MHz for both forest environments. Finally; the ITU-R Maximum Attenuation Free Space model achieved the lowest RMSE score of 9.58 at 868 MHz for the forest environment and the lowest MAE score of 38.48 at 868 MHz for the jungle environment. These values indicate that the proposed Fuzzy ANFIS pathloss model has the best performance in near ground propagation for all environments compared to other benchmark models

Assessment of groundwater quality and their vulnerability to pollution using GQI and DRASTIC indices

Surface and groundwater resources are two important sources in meeting agricultural, urban, and industrial needs. Random supply of surface water resources has prevented these resources from being a reliable source of water supply at all times. Therefore, groundwater acts as insurance in case of water shortage, and maintaining the quality of these resources is very important. On the other hand, studying vulnerability and identifying areas prone to aquifer pollution seems necessary for the development and optimal management of these valuable resources. Identifying the vulnerabilities of the aquifer areas to pollution will lead to a greater focus on preserving those areas. Therefore, groundwater quality assessment was performed in this study using the groundwater quality index (GQI), and groundwater vulnerability to pollution was assessed using the DRASTIC index. GQI is developed based on the values of six quality parameters (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42-, Cl-, and TDS). The DRASTIC index is developed based on the values of seven parameters (depth to the water table, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of vadose zone, hydraulic conductivity). The zoning of both indexes has been done using geographic information system (GIS) software. The results show that the GQI of the region was about 93, and its DRASTIC index was about 86. Therefore, the quality of aquifer groundwater is excellent, and its vulnerability to pollution is low