The comparison and use of tools for quantification of antimicrobial use in Indonesian broiler farms

INTRODUCTION: Indonesia has a large broiler industry with extensive antimicrobial use (AMU) according to empirical evidence. However, there are no quantitative data of on-farm AMU. Quantification of AMU at farm level is crucial to guide interventions on antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). The objective of this study was to compare on-farm AMU monitoring methods, to assess which monitoring method is best suited to gain insight in the quantitative AMU at farm level in medium-scale Indonesian broiler farms. METHOD: AMU was calculated using four different indicators-mg/PCU (mass-based), TF UDDindo (Treatment Frequency of Used Daily Dose, dose-based), TF DDDvet (Treatment Frequency of Defined Daily Dose, dose-based), and TF count - based (count-based)-for the total AMU of 98 production cycles with an average length of 30 days. RESULTS: Broilers were exposed to an average of 10 days of antimicrobial treatments per production cycle, whereas 60.8% of the antimicrobials belonged to the Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials (HPCIAs). For each pair of indicators, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was calculated to assess if the production cycles were ranked consistently in increasing AMU across the different indicators. The correlation varied between 0.4 and 0.8. DISCUSSION: This study illustrates the considerable difference in the ranking of AMU between the different indicators. In a setting comparable to medium-scale broiler farms in Indonesia, where resources are scarce and there is no professional oversight, the TF count - based method is best suitable. Before implementing an AMU monitoring method, careful consideration of the use-indicators is paramount to achieve fair benchmarking

The Association of Antimicrobials Use with Resistance Incidence in Independent Broiler Poultry Farms in Bogor District

The use of antimicrobials in livestock selects for antimicrobials resistance in the livestock sector what is a potential threat for human health. This study aims to determine the association between antimicrobials use and the incidence of resistance in commensal Escherichia coli in Indonesian broiler farms. Data was collected on the use of antimicrobials for 4-6 production periods on 19 independent broiler farms in Bogor Regency from 2019 to 2022 (97 cycles). At the end of one of the last cycles, a boot swab sample of the bedding/litter was taken and 25 E. coli strains were isolated per farm. A total of 475 isolates of E. coli were tested with Susceptibility using the microdilution (Sensititre®) method for determining phenotypic resistance. The association between the antimicrobials used (Treatment Frequency Used Daily Dose/TFUDD) in the long term (97 cycles) and the short term (in the end cycle in which the sample was taken, 19 cycles) with the proportion of resistance was analyzed using linear regression. Farms most frequently used antimicrobials which were categorized as Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials/HPCIA for human medicine (WHO, 2019). From 475 isolates of E. coli that were isolated, it was seen that the population of E. coli shows a high percentage of non-wildtype isolates (here called ‘resistant’). The highest resistance was seen to antimicrobials ciprofloxacin (93%), ampicillin (88%), tetracycline (83%), sulfamethoxazole (75%), and trimethoprim (71%). Of the 5 classes of antimicrobials analyzed, a significant association was found between the frequency of antimicrobials treatment and the proportion of resistance to quinolones and tetracyclines (

Hubungan Penggunaan Antimikroba terhadap Resistansi pada Peternakan Unggas Broiler Mandiri di Kabupaten Bogor

Penggunaan antimikroba di peternakan mengakselerasi proses resistansi antimikroba pada sektor peternakan dan berpotensi mengancam kesehatan manusia. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan penggunaan antimikroba dengan kejadian resistansi pada bakteri komensal Escherichia coli di peternakan unggas broiler. Data penggunaan antimikroba dikumpulkan selama 4-6 periode produksi (97 siklus) dan periode siklus akhir diambil 1 sampel litter dengan boot swab dari 19 peternakan broiler mandiri di Kabupaten Bogor selama 2019-2022, dan 25 strain E. coli diisolasi dari tiap peternakan. Sebanyak 475 isolat bakteri E. coli diuji Susceptibility dengan metode microdilution (Sensititre®) untuk resistansi fenotipik. Hubungan frekuensi pemberian antimikroba (Treatment Frequency Used Daily Dose/TFUDD) jangka panjang (97 siklus) dan jangka pendek (siklus akhir dimana diambil sampel, 19 siklus) dengan proporsi isolat resistan dianalisis menggunakan regresi linear. Peternakan paling sering menggunakan antimikroba yang termasuk dalam kategori Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials/HPCIA for human medicine (WHO, 2019). Dari 475 isolat E. coli yang diisolasi, terlihat bahwa tingginya persentase populasi E. coli non-wild type (‘resistan’). Resistansi tertinggi terhadap antimikroba ciprofloksasin (93%), ampisilin (88%), tetrasiklin (83%), sulfametoksazol (75%), dan trimethoprim (71%). Dari 5 kelas antimikroba yang dianalisa, didapatkan hubungan signifikan antara frekuensi pemberian antimikroba dan proporsi isolat resistan pada penggunaan jangka panjang terhadap kuinolon dan tetrasiklin (p<0.05), serta pada penggunaan jangka pendek terhadap makrolida (p<0.05) dan tetrasiklin (p<0.01).The use of antimicrobials in livestock selects for antimicrobials resistance in the livestock sector what is a potential threat for human health. This study aims to determine the association between antimicrobials use and the incidence of resistance in commensal Escherichia coli in Indonesian broiler farms. Data was collected on the use of antimicrobials for 4-6 production periods on 19 independent broiler farms in Bogor Regency from 2019 to 2022 (97 cycles). At the end of one of the last cycles, a boot swab sample of the bedding/litter was taken and 25 E. coli strains were isolated per farm. A total of 475 isolates of E. coli were tested with Susceptibility using the microdilution (Sensititre®) method for determining phenotypic resistance. The association between the antimicrobials used (Treatment Frequency Used Daily Dose/TFUDD) in the long term (97 cycles) and the short term (in the end cycle in which the sample was taken, 19 cycles) with the proportion of resistance was analyzed using linear regression. Farms most frequently used antimicrobials which were categorized as Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials/HPCIA for human medicine (WHO, 2019). From 475 isolates of E. coli that were isolated, it was seen that the population of E. coli shows a high percentage of non-wildtype isolates (here called ‘resistant’). The highest resistance was seen to antimicrobials ciprofloxacin (93%), ampicillin (88%), tetracycline (83%), sulfamethoxazole (75%), and trimethoprim (71%). Of the 5 classes of antimicrobials analyzed, a significant association was found between the frequency of antimicrobials treatment and the proportion of resistance to quinolones and tetracyclines (p<0.05) in long-term use, and macrolides (p<0.05) and tetracyclines (p<0.01) in short-term use

Pola Penggunaan Anti Mikrob pada Peternakan Mandiri Ayam Broiler di Kabupaten Bogor

Penggunaan anti mikrob dapat menyebabkan terjadinya resistansi anti mikrob baik di sektor peternakan maupun dalam hal kesehatan manusia. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran dan mengukur frekuensi pemberian anti mikrob di peternakan ayam broiler dan melihat hubungan penggunaan anti mikrob dengan tingkat kematian. Studi dilakukan tahun 2019-2022, di 19 peternakan ayam broiler mandiri di Kabupaten Bogor dengan total pengamatan 89 periode produksi. Data yang dikumpulkan yaitu jenis anti mikrob dan frekuensi pemberian kemudian dianalisis menggunakan perhitungan used daily dose (UDD) dan treatment frequency (TF). Hubungan penggunaan anti mikrob dengan tingkat kematian dianalisis menggunakan regresi linear. Pemberian antibotik di peternakan berdasarkan saran dari pemilik (15,8%), technical service/TS (36,8%) dan petugas penyuluh lapang/PPL (47,4%). Diantaranya hanya 1 orang yang merupakan dokter hewan (5,3%). Rata-rata frekuensi pemberian anti mikrob dalam sehari (TFUDD) di peternakan adalah 10,5 kali. Dari semua anti mikrob yang digunakan 60,5% termasuk dalam kategori prioritas paling tinggi untuk anti mikrob yang sangat penting bagi manusia (HPCIA). Tujuan pemberian anti mikrob mayoritas untuk pencegahan (82,7%) dan frekuensi pemberian paling banyak pada minggu pertama untuk menekan tingkat kematian. Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antara frekuensi pemberian anti mikrob dan tingkat kematian pada minggu pertama periode produksi (p>0,05). Penggunaan anti mikrob sebagian besar dilakukan tanpa konsultasi dengan dokter hewan. Frekuensi pemberian anti mikrob sebagian besar dari kategori HPCIA dan tujuan penggunaannya untuk pencegahan. Tinggi atau rendahnya frekuensi pemberian anti mikrob pada minggu pertama tidak berhubungan dengan penurunan tingkat kematian.Penggunaan anti mikrob dapat menyebabkan terjadinya resistansi anti mikrob baik di sektor peternakan maupun dalam hal kesehatan manusia. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran dan mengukur frekuensi pemberian anti mikrob di peternakan ayam broiler dan melihat hubungan penggunaan anti mikrob dengan tingkat kematian. Studi dilakukan tahun 2019-2022, di 19 peternakan ayam broiler mandiri di Kabupaten Bogor dengan total pengamatan 89 periode produksi. Data yang dikumpulkan yaitu jenis anti mikrob dan frekuensi pemberian kemudian dianalisis menggunakan perhitungan used daily dose (UDD) dan treatment frequency (TF). Hubungan penggunaan anti mikrob dengan tingkat kematian dianalisis menggunakan regresi linear. Pemberian antibotik di peternakan berdasarkan saran dari pemilik (15,8%), technical service/TS (36,8%) dan petugas penyuluh lapang/PPL (47,4%). Diantaranya hanya 1 orang yang merupakan dokter hewan (5,3%). Rata-rata frekuensi pemberian anti mikrob dalam sehari (TFUDD) di peternakan adalah 10,5 kali. Dari semua anti mikrob yang digunakan 60,5% termasuk dalam kategori prioritas paling tinggi untuk anti mikrob yang sangat penting bagi manusia (HPCIA). Tujuan pemberian anti mikrob mayoritas untuk pencegahan (82,7%) dan frekuensi pemberian paling banyak pada minggu pertama untuk menekan tingkat kematian. Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antara frekuensi pemberian anti mikrob dan tingkat kematian pada minggu pertama periode produksi (p>0,05). Penggunaan anti mikrob sebagian besar dilakukan tanpa konsultasi dengan dokter hewan. Frekuensi pemberian anti mikrob sebagian besar dari kategori HPCIA dan tujuan penggunaannya untuk pencegahan. Tinggi atau rendahnya frekuensi pemberian anti mikrob pada minggu pertama tidak berhubungan dengan penurunan tingkat kematian

The comparison and use of tools for quantification of antimicrobial use in Indonesian broiler farms

Introduction: Indonesia has a large broiler industry with extensive antimicrobial use (AMU) according to empirical evidence. However, there are no quantitative data of on-farm AMU. Quantification of AMU at farm level is crucial to guide interventions on antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). The objective of this study was to compare on-farm AMU monitoring methods, to assess which monitoring method is best suited to gain insight in the quantitative AMU at farm level in medium-scale Indonesian broiler farms. Method: AMU was calculated using four different indicators—mg/PCU (mass-based), TFUDDindo (Treatment Frequency of Used Daily Dose, dose-based), TFDDDvet (Treatment Frequency of Defined Daily Dose, dose-based), and TFcount − based (count-based)—for the total AMU of 98 production cycles with an average length of 30 days. Results: Broilers were exposed to an average of 10 days of antimicrobial treatments per production cycle, whereas 60.8% of the antimicrobials belonged to the Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials (HPCIAs). For each pair of indicators, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was calculated to assess if the production cycles were ranked consistently in increasing AMU across the different indicators. The correlation varied between 0.4 and 0.8. Discussion: This study illustrates the considerable difference in the ranking of AMU between the different indicators. In a setting comparable to medium-scale broiler farms in Indonesia, where resources are scarce and there is no professional oversight, the TFcount − based method is best suitable. Before implementing an AMU monitoring method, careful consideration of the use-indicators is paramount to achieve fair benchmarking