Analysis of the fowlpox virus homologue of mammalian PC-1 glycoprotein

Fowlpox virus (FWPV) is the prototypic member of the genus Avipoxviridae. Although no longer a commercial threat to livestock, in recent years it has been extensively used for expression of foreign antigens, as recombinant vaccines for avian and non-avian targets. Despite this attention, FWPV remains poorly characterised. Sequence analysis of a 6.5kbp region near the left inverted terminal repeat of the FWPV genome had revealed five major ORFs not previously observed in any other virus. One of these ORFs (FP-PC1), exhibited 39% amino acid identity to mammalian PC1 glycoprotein, initially described as an antigen of terminally differentiated B-cells. The full length FP-PC1 gene was cloned directly from the FWPV genome using specific primers. Using the transient dominant selection technique, the resultant transfer vector was used to construct three recombinant FWPV, with different deletions in the FP-PC1 ORF. The FP-PC1 gene was shown to be non-essential for FWPV replication in vitro, as FWPV with a full gene deletion in the FP-PC1 ORF was readily isolated. Further characterisation of the mutant FWPV indicated that FP- PC1 did not affect FWPV replication in vitro, although a difference in plaque size was observed. A possible involvement of FP-PC1 in the nucleotide salvage pathway was investigated by comparing wt and mutant FWPV growth in nucleotide deficient media. But no difference was observed. Thus further investigation needs to be conducted to investigate a potential role for FP-PC1 as a potential scavenger of nucleotides. Both the full length and extracellular FP-PC1 domains were expressed in an in vitro cell free system using rabbit reticulocyte lysates. They were also overexpressed in FWPV infected cells, co-infected with a recombinant FWPV expressing T7 polymerase. Using data from both these systems, full length FP-PC1 was shown to be an N-linked glycosylated integral membrane protein with a type II configuration

Pharmacodynamic evaluation of Terminalia bellerica for its antihypertensive effect.

Terminalia bellerica has been used as a folk medicine in a variety of ailments including hypertension. Our aim was to investigate the possible mechanism of its blood pressure (BP)-lowering effect. The crude extract of Terminalia bellerica fruit (Tb.Cr) which tested positive for flavonoids, sterols and tannins induced a dose-dependent (10-100 mg/kg) fall in the arterial BP of rats under anaesthesia. In isolated guinea-pig atria, Tb.Cr inhibited the force and rate of atrial contractions. In rabbit thoracic aorta, Tb.Cr relaxed the phenylephrine (PE, 1 μM) and K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions as well as suppressed the PE (1 μM) control peaks in the Ca++-free medium, similar to that caused by verapamil. The vasodilator effect of Tb.Cr was endothelium-independent as it was not opposed by Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester in endothelium-intact rat aortic preparations and it occurred at the similar concentration in the endothelium-denuded tissues. These results indicate that Terminalia bellerica lowers BP through Ca++ antagonist mechanism and thus provides a sound mechanistic background for its medicinal use in hypertensio

Airways and cardiovascular inhibitory effects of Olea europea and Terminalia bellerica aqueous fractions

This study describes the bronchodilatory, vaso-relaxant and cardiac inhibitory effects of aqueous fractions of Olea europea (Oe.Aq) and Terminalia bellerica (Tb.Aq) fruits. In guinea-pig tracheal preparations, Oe.Aq and Tb.Aq caused concentrationdependent (0.03-5 mg/mL) relaxation of carbachol (CCh, 1 μM) and high potassium (80 mM)-induced contractions. When tested on rabbit aortic rings, against phenylephrine (PE, 1 μM) and potassium (K+)-induced contractions, Oe.Aq and Tb.Aq caused non-specific inhibition of the induced contractions. In isolated guinea-pig atria, Oe.Aq and Tb.Aq exhibited a suppressive effect on the atrial force and the rate of contractions. These data indicate that Olea europea and Terminalia bellerica aqueous fractions possess airways and cardiovascular inhibitory activities, via calcium antagonism like verapamil

Antisecretory and analgesic activities of Terminalia bellerica

This study describes the antisecretory and analgesic activities of the crude extract of Terminalia bellerica (Tb.Cr). T. bellerica extract inhibited the castor oil-induced intestinal fluid secretion in mice at the dose range of 300 - 1000 mg/kg. The extract also dose-dependently (50 - 100 mg/kg) reduced the numbers of acetic acid-mediated writhes in mice. These results indicate that T. bellerica exhibit antisecretory and anti-nociceptive effects, hence justifying its medicinal use in diarrhea and pain

Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi akuntansi konservatif

The research objective examines the effect of the level of financial difficulty, profitability, growth opportunities, and managerial ownership on conservative accounting in Manufacturing Sector Companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study uses quantitative research methods. Data collection using secondary data in the form of annual financial reports accessed through the site www.idx.co.id. The population of this study was 172 companies, the sampling technique was purposive sampling method. The sample was obtained from 164 companies that have been tested for classical assumptions, namely the normality test, multicollinearity test, and heteroscedity test. Multiple linear regression data analysis method. The results showed that the level of financial difficulty, profitability, and managerial ownership had an effect on conservative accounting while growth opportunities had no effect on accounting conservatism