In Silico Characterization of Tomato leaf curl Joydebpur virus (ToLCJV) DNA-A Proteins

We retrieved six protein sequences of Tomato leaf curl Joydebpur virus (ToLCJV) DNA-A [FJ345402] from GenBank-NCBI (ACJ03821, ACJ03822, ACJ03823, ACJ03824, ACJ03825 and ACJ03826) which were used for computational modeling structure prediction. Ramachandran plot of ACJ03826-AC4 had maximum 73.3% and ACJ03822-AV1 had 71% residues in core region therefore these models cannot be placed in a good quality category. ACJ03824-AC2 had only 18.6% residues in core and 13.6% residues in disallowed regions and therefore it was the least stable protein. Verify-3D graph profile scores for selected ToLCJV proteins were greater than zero. Therefore all the verify-3D graph corresponds to an acceptable environment for the model. Findings of the present study provide a base for docking and In-Silico anti-Begomoviral compound designing

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Comparison of empirical and particle force-based density segregation models

The empirical and particle force-based models of granular segregation due to density differences among the species are compared in this work. Dependency of the empirical segregation parameters on the initial configuration, the observation time duration, inclination angle, and mixture composition are discussed in detail. The parameters obtained from empirical models are used to predict the steady-state concentration profiles for different density ratios and compositions. In addition, we utilize the predictions from the particle force-based segregation model and compare them with the predictions of the empirical segregation models. Our results show that the linear empirical segregation model predictions agree well with the simulation results for mixtures rich in light species where as quadratic empirical segregation model works better for mixtures rich in heavy species. Particle force-based segregation model, on the other hand, seems to be in very good agreement with the DEM simulation data across all mixture compositions.Comment: 20 pages, 15 figure

Assessment of Physico-chemical Properties of Soil from Different Blocks of Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh

An Assessment of Physico-chemical properties of soil from different blocks of Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh was carried out in 2022-23. To determine the availability of macro nutrient in soil of these soil samples and provide the assessment of 9 sampling locations were selected. Soil samples were collected at the depth of 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-45 cm respectively. Soil textural classes were Sandy loam and Loamy sand. Bulk Density varies from (1.36 to 1.59 Mg m-3). Particle Density varies from (2.37 to 2.54 Mg m-3). %Pore Space (39.85 to 48.32 %), The Water Holding Capacity varies from (34.89 to 44.28%), the physical condition of the soil was found good. The pH of soil is Slightly alkaline in nature (6.82 to 8.08) and the Electrical Conductivity (0.17 to 0.37 dSm1) was suitable for all crops. Organic carbon was found low (0.33 to 0.47%). These soils have low Nitrogen (197.00 to 220.00 kg ha-1) in all villages. Phosphorus (16.96 to 26.68 kg ha1) is found medium to high. Potassium (201.96 to 266.01 kg ha-1) is found medium in range. Calcium (3.22 to 5.66 meq 100g-1) and Magnesium (1.85 to 2.79 meq 100g-1) are sufficient in this soil. There is an including awareness of the need to pay greater attention in the role of macronutrients enhancement in the soil for good soil health and proper nutrition of plant so as to attain optimum economic yield and soil is suitable for all major tropical and sub-tropical crops

Management of unusual case of self-inflicted penetrating craniocerebral injury by a nail

During war, sharp high-speed missiles have been driven inside the brain; however, in civilian practice it is rare to see such episodes. An approximately 10-cm long nail was driven inside the brain in an attempt to commit suicide by a schizophrenic patient. The case is being reported for its rarity in civilian practice and as a case of clinical interest. After investigating the patient by plain X-rays and a CT scan, he was operated by a neurosurgical team and the nail was successfully removed. In post-operative phase, patient was given medical and psychiatric care along with psychological counseling. The patient made good uneventful recovery in the post-operative phase

Molecular evidence of Chili vein mottle virus and Chilli leaf curl virus simultaneously from naturally infected chilli plants (<i>Capsicum</i> <i>annuum</i> L.)

266-268The occurrence of Chilli leaf curl virus (ChLCV) and Chilli vein mottle virus (CVMV) were detected by using the duplex PCR in the mixed infected Chilli plants (Capsicum annuum L.). The duplex PCR was done by using the specific primer Pot 1 and Pot 2 for CVMV and AVF28 and AV29R for ChLCV. The amplicon and the sequence analysis confirmed the presence of potyvirus and begomovirus in the mixed infection. This combinations exhibited synergistic symptoms and large numbers of cells were doubly infected. This paper reports highly specific conventional PCR assays for detection of two independent viruses infecting chilli plants simultaneously

Morphometric analysis of posterior cranial fossa and foramen magnum and it’s clinical implications in craniovertebral junction malformations: a computed tomography based institutional study in a tertiary care hospital of northern part of India

Abstract Background The posterior cranial fossa (PCF) and the foramen magnum (FM) are the critical anatomical components of the craniovertebral junction region, which comprise and transmit numerous vital neurovascular structures. So, a fundamental knowledge of the basic radiological anatomy of PCF and FM is of paramount importance in the evaluation of associated pathologies and approaching these areas surgically. The aim of this study is to describe different linear and angular craniometric parameters of PCF, FM and surrounding territory based on reconstructed computed tomography (CT) images. Material and methods This study was conducted in our tertiary care hospital in northern India from the period of January 2023 to June 2023 on 120 patients, and CT screening was done for the head and spine region following a history of head injury. Results In this study, 120 patients were included, of whom 50.83% (n = 61) were females and 49.17% (n = 59) were males. Age ranged from 18 to 70 years with mean age of 43.5 ± 14.08 years. The mean values for linear craniometric parameters of PCF were statistically nonsignificant for different age groups. Statistically significant differences were found for twinning line (TL) (p < 0.0001), McRae’s line (< 0.0001), clivus length (< p < 0.0001), internal occipital protuberence -opisthion line (p = 0.01), Klaus’ index (p < 0.0001), height of posterior fossa (h) (p < 0.0001), h/TL (p = 0.028), when these values were compared for the genders. The measurements of FM transverse diameter, anteroposterior diameter and area were 27.12 ± 1.42 mm (range 23.6–30.1 mm), 30.99 ± 2.23 mm (range 27.6–35.8 mm) and 691.32 ± 30.35 mm2 (range 632.7–777.7 mm2). The values of clivus canal angle (p = 0.038) and clivoodontoid angle (p = 0.012) were statistically significant when compared for different age groups. The values of Boogard’s angle (p = 0.021) and tentorial slope (p = 0.031) were statistically significant when these were compared for the genders. Conclusions This study described almost all the linear and angular craniometric parameters used in the morphometric analysis of PCF and FM. The findings of this study provide valuable data regarding linear and angular craniometric parameters of PCF and FM which can redefine reference values

Efficacy of Sub-Gingivally Delivered Propolis Nanoparticle in Non-Surgical Management of Periodontal Pocket: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Naturally sourced products like propolis are commonly employed for the non-surgical treatment of periodontal pockets. The use of nanoparticle formulations of these natural remedies has the potential to improve treatment outcomes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of sub-gingivally delivered propolis nanoparticles in the non-surgical management of periodontal pockets. Forty patients diagnosed with periodontitis presenting at least one periodontal pocket with a probing pocket depth between 4 and 6 mm were selected. Patients were randomly assigned into the control group (n = 20), which received scaling and root planing (SRP) and saline (SRP + Saline), and the test group (n = 20), which received SRP and sub-gingivally delivered propolis nanoparticles (PRO) into the periodontal pocket (SRP + PRO). The clinical parameters recorded were plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), relative attachment loss (RAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), and bleeding on probing (BOP). They were assessed at baseline, one month, and three months post therapy. The results indicated that there was a significant improvement in clinical parameters (p p value of p values of 0.0001, 0.001, and 0.05, respectively. The subgingival delivery of propolis nanoparticles showed promising results as an adjunct to SRP in patients with periodontitis presenting periodontal pockets