Population based prevalence of community acquired methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus in community settings of Srinagar Garhwal, India.

The present study was done to determine the prevalence of community acquired MRSA in the healthy population of Srinagar Garhwal. Population dwelling 200m away from the tertiary healthcare centre was chosen as target group and 212 samples in all from different anatomical sites were obtained after informed consent. Multiplex PCR was done to study the SCCmec gene type to confirm MRSA of community origin and prevalence in percentage was deduced thereafter to get clear picture. 108(50.94%) individuals were reported to have s. aureus and nasal colonization was reported to be most prevalent. Of s. aureus isolates 19 (17.59%) were methicillin resistant. Nasal carriage was the most prevalent anatomical site with 12 (63.15%) colonization of CA MRSA followed by upper respiratory tract and skin 5 (26.31%) and 2 (10.52%). Overall prevalence of CA MRSA was 8.96%. Keeping in mind the geographically distinct hilly region, although not very high but alarming prevalence of CA MRSA was observed. Our findings thus have serious implications for the rationale and judicial use of antibiotics

Electric stimulations mediated beta lactam resistance reversal and correlation with growth dynamics of community acquired methicillin resistant <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Staphylococcus aureus</i>

530-535The community associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is a serious issue of public health. Here, we conducted an experimental approach to determine: (i) the optimal significant stimulation range of electrical current for effective checking of CA-MRSA growth; (ii) the effect of electrical stimulations on methicillin susceptibility and possible beta lactam resistance reversal; and (iii) the variation in the level of ATP as function of exposure to electric current. An 8 chambered electrical system was developed for DC flow in control and test sets, with and without drug (oxacillin 4 mg/ml). Measurement of growth by CFU/ml and spectrometry, susceptibility and ATP levels were calculated and interpreted. Linear pattern in reduction of ATP was observed with respect to the intensity of electric current (EC) and an enhanced inhibitory effect was explicit with 1000 microampere (μA) with 30 min exposure. At 4000 μA exposure to DC at 180 min and in combination of drug (μA+D), the growth of CA-MRSA was substantially checked to 0.23 absorbance in comparison to current without drug and the effect of DC electrical current to the culture showed that 10 μA, 100 μA and 4000 μA current exposure in combination of oxacillin (μA+D), markedly reduced the CFU to an average of 256.4. ATP level was linearly reduced with exposure to EC

Immunological Aspect of Radiation-Induced Pneumonitis, Current Treatment Strategies, and Future Prospects

Delivery of high doses of radiation to thoracic region, particularly with non-small cell lung cancer patients, becomes difficult due to subsequent complications arising in the lungs of the patient. Radiation-induced pneumonitis is an early event evident in most radiation exposed patients observed within 2–4 months of treatment and leading to fibrosis later. Several cytokines and inflammatory molecules interplay in the vicinity of the tissue developing radiation injury leading to pneumonitis and fibrosis. While certain cytokines may be exploited as biomarkers, they also appear to be a potent target of intervention at transcriptional level. Initiation and progression of pneumonitis and fibrosis thus are dynamic processes arising after few months to year after irradiation of the lung tissue. Currently, available treatment strategies are challenged by the major dose limiting complications that curtails success of the treatment as well as well being of the patient’s future life. Several approaches have been in practice while many other are still being explored to overcome such complications. The current review gives a brief account of the immunological aspects, existing management practices, and suggests possible futuristic approaches