Isolation, Characterization, Comparative Analysis of Anti-Rabies Antibodies Raised in Chicken and Rabbit

The study provides a platform to make chicken antibodies (IgY) an alternate source of antibodies to treat rabies infection in developing countries. The study also attempts to provide an overview of the possibility of replacing IgG (antisera) by IgY antibodies. Producing antibodies in a large scale in egg laying chickens is commercially feasible in view of their low body weight and high rate of egg production. It is relatively easy, economical and safe to collect eggs from hens compared to the bleeding the horses, rabbits and other mammals for their serum. HRIG (Human Rabies Immunoglobulin) and ERIG (Equine Rabies Immunoglobulin) are highly expensive and less abundant. In this study, we have analyzed the titer of IgY antibodies and compared with IgG antibodies raised in rabbits

Antitoxin activity of Mimosa pudica root extracts against Naja naja and Bangarus caerulus venoms

Aqueous extract of dried roots of Mimosa pudica was tested for inhibitory activity on lethality, phospholipase activity, edema forming activity, fibrinolytic activity and hemorrhagic activity of Naja naja and Bangarus caerulus venoms. The aqueous extract displayed a significant inhibitory effect on the lethality, phospholipase activity, edema forming activity, fibrinolytic activity and hemorrhagic activity. About 0.14 mg and 0.16 mg of M. pudica extracts were able to completely neutralize the lethal activity of 2LD50 of Naja naja and Bangarus caerulus venoms respectively. The present finding suggests that aqueous extract of M. pudica root possesses compounds, which inhibit the activity of Naja naja and Bangarus caerulus venoms

A preliminary pilot scale analysis of anti-cariogenic activity of green tea powder extract flavoured with Ginger, Cloves and Mint against clinical oral pathogens

Summary: Green tea is a popular drink in Asian countries although its popularity continues to spread across the globe. Fairly, recent researchers have begun to look at the possibilities of using green tea in antimicrobial therapy, and their potential prevention of infections. The properties of green tea have shown potential for antimicrobial activity very effectively. The aim of present work is a preliminary pilot scale analysis to study the effect of anti-cariogenic efficacy of green tea extracts flavored with selective traditional medicinal plant extracts against dental carries. The green tea extracts which are rich in its anti-oxidant effect were flavored with different concentrations (1:1, 1:2, 1:3) of certain special ingredients like ginger, cloves and mint to check for its effectiveness against oral pathogens that causes caries. The results of the extractions against the isolated test oral pathogens have shown that there is a potential activity against dental pathogens. The results of this study clearly demonstrates that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges upon treating the test pathogens with green tea extract flavored with ginger, cloves and mint have a significant reduction of caries. In conclusion the invitro potentiality of the extracts in combination were determined to be effective in inhibiting the pathogens growth very effectively which can prevent caries and tooth decay by acting as a good anti-cariogenic and antimicrobial agent and also in future it can be taken for pilot scale level of product development with these extracts. Hence, the MIC effectiveness of the extracts against the oral pathogens were analyzed statistically using Student ‘t’ test which shows a significant result revealing that the extracts produced 1% significance and ≥0.5% significances against dental pathogens to reduce caries and other secondary infections associated by them to maintain a healthy oral environment. Keywords: Antimicrobial efficacy, Anti-cariogenic, Green tea, Dental caries, Anti-oxidant, Therap

Effect of Chicken Egg Yolk Antibodies (IgY) against Diarrhea in Domesticated Animals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

<div><p>Background</p><p>IgY antibodies are serum immunoglobulin in birds, reptiles and amphibians, and are transferred from serum to egg yolk to confer passive immunity to their embryos and offspring. Currently, the oral passive immunization using chicken IgY has been focused as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment and control of diarrhea in animals and humans. This systematic review was focused to determine the effect of IgY in controlling and preventing diarrhea in domesticated animals including Piglets, Mice, Poultry and Calves.</p><p>Methods and Results</p><p>Previous research reports focused on treatment effect of Chicken IgY against diarrhea were retrieved from different electronic data bases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPRINGER-LINK, WILEY, AGRICOLA, MEDWELL Journals, Scientific Publish, Chinese articles from Core periodicals in 2012). A total of 61 studies in 4 different animal classes met the inclusion criteria. Data on study characteristics and outcome measures were extracted. The pooled relative risk (RR) of 49 studies of different animals [Piglets – 22; Mice – 14; Poultry – 7 and Calves – 6] in meta-analyses revealed that, IgY significantly reduced the risk of diarrhea in treatment group when compare to the placebo. However, the 95% confidence intervals of the majority of studies in animal class piglets and calves embrace RR of one. The same results were obtained in sub group analyses (treatment regiment – prophylactic or therapeutic; pathogen type – bacterial or viral). Perhaps, this inconsistency in the effect of IgY at the individual study level and overall effect measures could be influenced by the methodological heterogeneity.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The present systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis demonstrated the beneficial effect of IgY. This supports the opinion that IgY is useful for prophylaxis and treatment. However, more intensive studies using the gold standard animal experiments with the focus to use IgY alone or in combination with other alternative strategies are indispensable.</p></div

Antitoxin activity of Mimosa pudica root extracts against Naja naja

and Bangarus caerulus venom

Effect of IgY against diarrhea in Poultry.

<p><b>Test for Heterogeneity</b>: Q = 10.14; DF = 7; P = 0.1807, I² = 30.98% (95% CI for I² = 0.00 to 69.27).</p

Effect of IgY against diarrhea in Calves.

<p><b>Test for Heterogeneity</b>: Q = 3.1297; DF = 6; P = 0.7924, I² = 0.00% (95% CI for I² = 0.00 to 44.96).</p

Effect of IgY against diarrhea in mice.

<p>Forest plot demonstrates the relative risk (RR) of individual studies included for meta-analysis under animal class mice, 95% confidence interval. The diamond represents the global estimate and its 95% confidence interval. The cut off line crossing RR 1 differentiates the study favors IgY treatment group or control group. The line crossing diamond is to determine the number of studies positioned in global RR.</p

Characteristics of the included study – Calves.

<p><b>Legend</b>: CFU colony forming unit, TCID Tissue culture infective dose, FFU Focus forming unit, BRV Bovine Rotavirus, BCV Bovine Coronavirus, Type of Efficacy: P-Prophylactic Effect; T-Therapeutic Effect; F-Field Trial.</p

Prophylactic effect of IgY against diarrhea in Piglets.

<p><b>Test for Heterogeneity</b>: Q = 19.39; DF = 15; P = 0.1965, I² = 22.65% (95% CI for I² = 0.00 to 57.44).</p