Seasonality and Relative Abundance of Tabanidae (Diptera) Captured on Horses in the Pantanal, Brazil

Once a month, from June 1992 to May 1993, collections of tabanids on horse were conducted in the Nhecolândia, Pantanal State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Tabanid catches using hand nets were conducted from sunrise to sunset at grassland and cerradão (dense savanna) habitats. A total of 3,442 tabanids from 21 species,12 genera, and 3 subfamilies were collected. Although species abundance varied seasonally depending on habitat, no habitat specificity was observed for the most abundant species. In the grassland, 1,625 (47.2%) tabanids belonging to 19 species were collected, while 1,817 (52.8%) tabanids from 17 species were caught in the cerradão. The number of tabanid species varied from 7 during winter (July/August) to 15 in the spring (October). Tabanus importunus   (56%) was the most abundant species, followed by T. occidentalis (8.2%), and T. claripennis (8.1%). The tabanid peak, in October, coincided with the beginning of the rainy season. The population peak of most species, including those with higher vector potential, suggests that the rainy season can be considered as the period of potentially higher risk of mechanical transmission of pathogens by tabanids to horses in the region

Dynamics of Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) infestation on Nelore cattle in the Pantanal, Brazil

From June 1993 to May 1995, horn fly counts were conducted twice a month on untreated Nelore cattle raised extensively in the Pantanal. Horn fly population showed a bimodal fluctuation and peaks were observed every year after the beginning (November/December) and at the end (May/June) of the rainy season, which coincided with mid-late spring and mid-late fall, respectively. Horn flies were present on cattle throughout the year in at least 64% of the animals. Mean horn fly numbers on animals did not exceed 85 flies/cow during peaks and were under 35 flies/cow in most of the remaining periods. The highest infestations (population peaks) were short and dropped suddenly within two weeks. Less than 15% of the animals in both herds could be considered as "fly-susceptible" - showing consistently higher infestations, or "fly-resistant" - showing consistently lower infestations

Seasonality of Phaeotabanus fervens (Diptera: Tabanidae) in the Pantanal Region, Brazil

Phaeotabanus fervens (Linnaeus), 1758 is a neotropical tabanid species distributed from Venezuela to Argentina (GB Fairchild 1971 Ed Mus Zool Univ S o Paulo 28: 28-56). This horsefly is one of the few species reported biting exclusively on caimans (Caiman sclerops, Melanosuchus niger, Paleosuchus palpebrosus and Paleosuchus trigonatus) only on their head (F Medem 1981 Cespedesia 10: 123-191). Probably due to its host specificity very few data about this species are available. Caiman feeders such as Lepiselaga crassipes (F.), Phaeotabanus cajennensis (F.) and Phaeotabanus fervens (Medem loc. cit.) occur in the Pantanal region and unidentified general photographic records are available (H Palo Jr 1992 Pantanal Ed Cor/Ac o 123 pp.)

Dichelacera (Dichelacera) corumbaensis n. sp. (Diptera: Tabanidae) from the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Dichelacera (Dichelacera) corumbaensis n. sp. is described from two female specimens collected in the urban area of Corumba city, State of Mato Grosso do Sul. This is one of the six species of Dichelacera occuring in the state and the twenty-eighth species of the subgenus known from Brazil. The head in lateral view, frons, antenna, palpi and wings are illustrated. A differential diagnosis is given related to D. rubricosa, D. unifasciata, D. albifasciata and D. fuscipes

Insecticide susceptibility of horn flies, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae), in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil Suscetibilidade da mosca-dos-chifres, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae), a inseticidas no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

Horn fly susceptibility to insecticides was evaluated in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, from October 2000 to September 2002. Insecticide bioassays (n=57) were conducted in 38 ranches from 14 municipalities throughout the state. Horn flies from wild populations were collected on cattle and exposed to filter papers impregnated with cypermethrin, permethrin, or diazinon and mortality was assessed after two hours. Resistance to cypermethrin was detected in all populations, with resistance ratios (RR) ranging from 27.6 to 91.3-fold. Permethrin bioassays provided apparently low levels of resistance (RRA suscetibilidade da mosca-dos-chifres a inseticidas foi avaliada no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul de outubro/2000 a setembro/2002 com a realização dos ensaios biológicos (n=57) em 38 propriedades, de 14 municípios. Moscas coletadas em bovinos foram expostas a papéis de filtro impregnados com cipermetrina, permetrina, ou diazinon, registrando-se a mortalidade após duas horas. Resistência à cipermetrina foi detectada em todas as populações, com fatores de resistência (FR) entre 27,6 e 91,3. Ensaios biológicos com permetrina resultaram em níveis de resistência aparentemente baixos (FR<5), entretanto, o uso de concentrações diagnósticas evidenciaram a ocorrência de moscas resistentes em 96,9% das populações. Considerando ambos os bioensaios com piretróides, 97,4% das populações apresentaram resistência. De outro modo, todas as populações demonstraram elevada suscetibilidade ao diazinon (FR < 1.1). Todas as propriedades onde o controle da mosca-dos-chifres era realizado (97,5%) utilizavam produtos piretróides, principalmente à base de cipermetrina (92,3%) e deltametrina (66,7%). Tratamentos inseticidas utilizando bombas costais manuais eram realizados em 84,5% das propriedades, geralmente de forma inadequada. O perfil de uso de inseticidas nas propriedades contribui para explicar a ampla ocorrência de resistência da mosca-dos-chifres aos piretróides, assim como a elevada suscetibilidade aos organofosforados, no Estado. Práticas inadequadas de controle contribuem para agravar o problema da resistência e suas conseqüências