Correlated Variability in the Breathing Pattern and End-Expiratory Lung Volumes in Conscious Humans - Table 2

<p>Statistical differences:</p><p>* vs. total chest wall (CW),</p><p>† vs. pulmonary rib cage (RC,p),</p><p>§ vs. abdomen (AB).</p><p>Correlated Variability in the Breathing Pattern and End-Expiratory Lung Volumes in Conscious Humans - Table 2 </p

Parameter values defining the respiratory brain oscillator consisting of 5 neuron groups and the pulmonary stretch receptors.

<p>R-I: ramp-inspiratory; L-I: late-inspiratory; P-I: post-inspiratory; Exp: expiratory; E-I: early-inspiratory; PSR: pulmonary stretch receptors. The diagonals represent self-excitatory feedback to each neuron group. Positive and negative values are excitatory and inhibitory, respectively.</p><p>Parameter values defining the respiratory brain oscillator consisting of 5 neuron groups and the pulmonary stretch receptors.</p

a) Bland-Altman analysis for the repeatability of the chest wall end-expiratory (EEVcw, upper panel) and tidal (V_T,cw, lower panel) volumes long term correlations.

<p>Each data point represent the value of α measured in the same subject during two different experimental session with from 3 to 9 month time interval between the measurements. <b>b)</b> α values as a function of the number of breaths considered for the analysis for total and compartmental end-expiratory chest wall volumes.</p

Left panels: time series derived from the simulated volume tracings provided by the model for tidal volume (V_T, upper panel), respiratory time (T_TOT, middle panel) and end-expiratory lung volume (EELV, lower panel).

<p>Right panels: Fluctuation (F) as a function of window size (n) for the time series from volume tracings simulated by the model (V_T, upper panel, T_TOT, middle panel, EELV, lower panel).</p

A): Experimental set-up for continuous recording of total and compartmental chest wall volumes with the patient in the seated position.

<p>A specially-designed chair allowed the measurement of the three-dimensional position of the passive optical markers for OEP placed on the back of the subject even if the subject was laid on the seatback. <b>B</b>): Schematic representation of the model. The brain respiratory rhythm generator includes five neuron groups, expiratory (Exp), early inspiratory (E-I), ramp-inspiratory (R-I), late-inspiratory (L-I) and post-inspiratory (P-I). Each group receives inhibitory signals (represented by a thick line at the end of the link between two groups) and the L-I group receives an excitatory input (filled circle). Note that the R-I group includes self-excitation. Pulmonary stretch receptors (PSR) are represented as an additional group of neurons receiving inputs from the R-I and sending outputs to the L-I and E-I groups. To mimic the observed physiological fluctuations in respiratory parameters such as tidal volume (V_T) and respiratory times (T_TOT = T_I+T_E), the R-I group also receives a uniformly distributed neural noise and its output drives the respiratory muscles which, in turn, act on the passive structures of the respiratory system (lung and chest wall) represented by a viscoelastic Kelvin body to develop the tidal breathing. (See text for further explanation).</p

Fluctuation (F) as a function of window size (n) for the time series from volume tracings of a representative subject.

<p>Each panel refers to a specific variable of the breathing pattern. See text for abbreviations. The regression line determining α is also reported.</p

Experimental tracings of total and compartmental chest wall volumes recorded continuously on a representative subject by Opto-Electronic Plethysmography (only 16 min of tracings are reported for clarity).

<p>Vcw: total chest wall volume; Vab: abdominal volume; Vrc,p: volume of the pulmonary rib cage.</p

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) patients' pulmonary function test.

<p>Data are expressed as mean±standard deviation. FVC: forced vital capacity;</p>1<p>Reference values from Quanjer et al, 1993;</p>2<p>Reference values from Kuster et al, 2008; FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; TLC: total lung capacity; RV: residual volume; FRC N₂: functional residual capacity measured by N₂ washout; SpO₂: arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oxymetry; %pred: percentage of predicted value.</p>°,°°<p>p<0.05, p<0.01 vs Quanjer et al.</p

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) patients' and healthy controls characteristics.

<p>Data are expressed as mean±standard deviation.</p>°°, °°°<p>: p<0.01, p<0.001 (vs control).</p>*, **,***<p>: p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001 (vs OI type IV).</p>§<p>Body Mass Index = <i>weight</i> (Kg)/(<i>height</i> (m)) ².</p>§§<p>Body Surface Area (m²) = 0.024265×<i>weight</i> (Kg) ^0.5378×<i>height</i> (cm) ^0.3964.</p>1<p>at sternal level.</p>2<p>maximal.</p><p>n.a. = not available.</p

Transversal and sagittal sections of OI type III, OI type IV and controls.

<p>Markers' projection on the transversal (left) and sagittal (right) views of the markers (at xiphoid and sternal level, respectively) on three representative subjects: OI type III (top), OI type IV (middle) and healthy control (bottom).</p