Identification of Volatile Markers in Potato Brown Rot and Ring Rot by Combined GC-MS and PTR-MS Techniques: Study on in Vitro and in Vivo Samples

Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs) and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. <i>sepedonicus</i> (Cms) are the bacterial causal agents of potato brown and ring rot, respectively, and are included in the A2 list of quarantine pathogens in Europe. Identification by GC-MS analysis of volatile organic compounds from Rs or Cms cultured on different nutrient media was performed. GC-MS and PTR-MS analysis were carried out also on unwounded potato tubers infected with the same pathogens. Infected tubers were produced by experimental inoculations of the plants. In in vitro experiments, Rs or Cms emitted volatile compounds, part of which were specific disease markers of potato (2-propanol and 3-methylbutanoic acid), mainly originating from bacterial metabolism (i.e., amino acid degradation, carbohydrate and fatty acid oxidation). In potato tubers, pathogen metabolism modified the volatile compound pattern emitted from healthy samples. Both bacteria seem to accelerate metabolic processes ongoing in potatoes and, in the case of Rs, disease markers (1-hepten-3-ol, 3,6-dimethyl-3-octanone, 3-ethyl-3-methylpentane, 1-chloroctane, and benzothiazole) were identified

Additional file 6: of Comparative transcriptome analysis of the interaction between Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in absence and presence of acibenzolar-S-methyl

Figure S3. The MapMan figure of the “Biotic stress” was obtained by running the Mercator tool ( http://mapman.gabipd.org/web/guest/mercator ) with default parameters to assign MapMan bins to Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis transcripts. (TIF 3354 kb

Additional file 4: of Comparative transcriptome analysis of the interaction between Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in absence and presence of acibenzolar-S-methyl

Table S3. List of all differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis modulated in response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae inoculation both in acibenzolar-S-methyl treated and untreated plants. (XLSX 1256 kb

Additional file 22: of Comparative transcriptome analysis of the interaction between Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in absence and presence of acibenzolar-S-methyl

Figure S5. Heatmap of the correlation of WGCNA modules with traits (ASM treatment and Psa inoculation). 21 modules were detected and named with colour names. The grey category is not a real module: it collect all the leftover genes not enough correlated with one of the other significant coloured modules. In each square the upper value is kME (module eigengene-based connectivity) while the lower value is the P-value of the correlation. (TIF 1752 kb

Additional file 13: of Comparative transcriptome analysis of the interaction between Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in absence and presence of acibenzolar-S-methyl

Table S10. List of subset of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in salicylic acid biosynthesis and signalling. (XLSX 464 kb

Additional file 10: of Comparative transcriptome analysis of the interaction between Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in absence and presence of acibenzolar-S-methyl

Table S7. List of subset of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to photosynthesis. (XLSX 43 kb

Additional file 17: of Comparative transcriptome analysis of the interaction between Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in absence and presence of acibenzolar-S-methyl

Table S13. List of subset of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to transcription factors. (XLSX 545 kb

Additional file 18: of Comparative transcriptome analysis of the interaction between Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in absence and presence of acibenzolar-S-methyl

Table S14. List of subset of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to AP2/ERF transcription factors. (XLSX 463 kb

Additional file 12: of Comparative transcriptome analysis of the interaction between Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in absence and presence of acibenzolar-S-methyl

Table S9. List of subset of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in jasmonic acid-mediated response. (XLSX 462 kb

Additional file 23: of Comparative transcriptome analysis of the interaction between Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in absence and presence of acibenzolar-S-methyl

Table S18. List of the genes obtained by WGCNA and the kMEs for each module. (XLSX 9185 kb