Sopa de letras - uma impossível receita para formar intérpretes de conferência?

Eis uma receita para treinar futuros intérpretes de conferências: ―pegue em bacharéis, licenciados, ou mestres, de preferência em Estudos da Tradução e prepare-os de modo a que se transformem em peritos multidisciplinares. Corte vigorosamente para eliminar as suas inseguranças e tempere-os para cultivar o seu espírito, de modo a que tenham uma paixão por teatro para se tornarem bons intérpretes

Comparison between Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE), Endemicity Analysis (EA), and an alternative coding of Three-Distribution Statements based on hypothetical distributions

<p>Areas of endemism are identified by a variety of methods, none of which is universally accepted. Performance of each method depends upon the variables chosen. Here, we compare Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE), Endemicity Analysis (EA), and a new coding method that we propose, Three-Distribution Statements (3DS). We rate performance based on the ability to identify hypothetical predefined patterns that represent non-conflicting, nested, and overlapping areas of endemism. Additionally, we also compared properties commonly used in analyses, such as shape and size of the area and the number of taxa involved. We found that 3DS has the best performance in retrieving predefined areas. EA is the only method that resolved a completely overlapping pattern, but it also found spurious patterns. Resolution with PAE always had intermediate precision and efficiency and so is not the best option for analysis of endemism. We recommend the use of 3DS together with EA as the best available option for hypothesizing areas of endemism.</p

<i>Orthopyxis caliculata</i>.

<p>A-C: general view of the colony (A-MZUSP 4177; B,C- MZUSP 1563); D-H: detail of the trophosome with the sinuosities of the pedicel (E) and constrictions in the perisarc (arrow in F, G) (D-MZUSP 2550; E-MZUSP 2565; F-MZUSP 2554; G-MZUSP 4177; H-MZUSP 2552); I-J: positions of maximum (I) and minimum (J) perisarc thickness of the trophosome (MZUSP 2615); K-L: detail of the hydrotheca, showing two different forms due to compression (MZUSP 2554); M: general view of gonothecae on algae (MZUSP 2563); N: detail of male gonotheca (MZUSP 2554); O-P: detail of female gonothecae (O-MZUSP 2563; P-MZUSP 2613). Scales: A,B,M—1 mm; C—500 μm; D,F,H,O—200 μm; E—20 μm; G—50 μm; I,J,K,L—100 μm; N,P—300 μm.</p

Putative scheme of the life cycle of <i>H. antarcticus</i>, including the “microhydrula” phase.

<p>The main life cycle was based on <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010182#pone.0010182-Wietrzykowski1" target="_blank">[6]</a>, for <i>H. octoradiatus</i>. Stauropolyp stage and its ability to create frustules (white arrows) are hypothesized based on observations of <i>Stylocoronella </i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010182#pone.0010182-Kikinger1" target="_blank">[7]</a>. Dotted gray arrows corresponding to the “microhydrula” stage, derived from this study. Figures modified from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010182#pone.0010182-Wietrzykowski1" target="_blank">[6]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010182#pone.0010182-Kikinger1" target="_blank">[7]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010182#pone.0010182-Jarms1" target="_blank">[11]</a>.</p

Comparative measurements of <i>Orthopyxis caliculata</i>, <i>Orthopyxis mianzani</i> (mean±standard error [range]) and specimens of <i>Orthopyxis integra</i> from the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.

<p>Np = number of polyps measured; Ng = number of gonothecae measured (N = when different number). The measures of diameter and perisarc thickness were obtained from the position of maximum perisarc thickness (broad view).</p><p>*Information not obtained.</p><p>**USNM17834.</p><p>***USNM1106184.</p><p>Comparative measurements of <i>Orthopyxis caliculata</i>, <i>Orthopyxis mianzani</i> (mean±standard error [range]) and specimens of <i>Orthopyxis integra</i> from the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.</p

Maximum Likelihood tree based on 16S, COI, ITS1 and ITS2 data.

<p>Bootstrap values are shown for each node. Nodes without numbers indicate support below 50.</p

Phylogenetic hypothesis (MP) based on mitochondrial 16S, nuclear ITS1+ITS2 and combined data.

<p>AN (King George Island, Antarctica), AK (Akkeshi, Hokkaido, Japan), CA (Franklin Point, California, USA), CH (Valdivia, Chile), MU (Muroran, Hokkaido, Japan), WA (San Juan Island, Washington, USA).“1” and “2” refers to the different haplotypes found for each species. Bootstrap indices under both MP and ML (respectively) at each node. Topologies are congruent under MP and ML analysis.</p

Living specimens of <i>Haliclystus antarcticus</i> in the field.

<p>A and B) Side view, attached to rock; C) Side view attached to rock and algae (Rhodophyta <i>Iridaea cordata</i>). Pictures from Morandini, AC. Scale = 1.2 cm.</p

A-C, G: <i>Orthopyxis sargassicola</i>.

<p>A: general view of the colony on <i>Sargassum</i> sp.; B-C: detail of the trophosome, showing variation in perisarc thickness of hydrotheca; G: gonotheca. D-F, H: <i>Orthopyxis crenata</i>. D-E: detail of the trophosome; F- detail of the hydrothecal cusps; H- gonotheca. Scales: A—200 μm; B-H—100 μm.</p

Map of sampling areas in Brazil and Argentina.

<p>Circles indicate specific sites were species were sampled. The numbers correspond to the records listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0117553#pone.0117553.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p