Phylogenetic tree of GOGAT polypeptides.

<p>The mature polypeptides for Fd- and NADH-GOGAT from a selection of plants an green algae were aligned with Clustal W and a nearest-neighbour tree generated with MEGA5. All three wheat homoeologues for Fd-GOGAT are in blue and red for the NADH-GOGAT version.</p

Characterization of <i>Ferredoxin-Dependent Glutamine-Oxoglutarate Amidotransferase (Fd-GOGAT)</i> Genes and Their Relationship with Grain Protein Content QTL in Wheat

<div><p>Background</p><p>In higher plants, inorganic nitrogen is assimilated via the glutamate synthase cycle or GS-GOGAT pathway. GOGAT enzyme occurs in two distinct forms that use NADH (NADH-GOGAT) or Fd (Fd-GOGAT) as electron carriers. The goal of the present study was to characterize wheat <i>Fd-GOGAT</i> genes and to assess the linkage with grain protein content (GPC), an important quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes.</p><p>Results</p><p>We report the complete genomic sequences of the three homoeologous A, B and D Fd-GOGAT genes from hexaploid wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) and their localization and characterization. The gene is comprised of 33 exons and 32 introns for all the three homoeologues genes. The three genes show the same exon/intron number and size, with the only exception of a series of indels in intronic regions. The partial sequence of the Fd-GOGAT gene located on A genome was determined in two durum wheat (<i>Triticum turgidum</i> ssp. <i>durum</i>) cvs Ciccio and Svevo, characterized by different grain protein content. Genomic differences allowed the gene mapping in the centromeric region of chromosome 2A. QTL analysis was conducted in the Svevo×Ciccio RIL mapping population, previously evaluated in 5 different environments. The study co-localized the <i>Fd-GOGAT-A</i> gene with the marker GWM-339, identifying a significant major QTL for GPC.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The wheat Fd-GOGAT genes are highly conserved; both among the three homoeologous hexaploid wheat genes and in comparison with other plants. In durum wheat, an association was shown between the <i>Fd-GOGAT</i> allele of cv Svevo with increasing GPC - potentially useful in breeding programs.</p></div

Plant Fd-GOGAT amino acid sequences.

<p>Four monocot and two dicot Fd-GOGAT amino acid sequences for the mature protein are aligned with Clustal V: Wheat (A genome; present report), <i>Brachypodium</i> (BRADI1G19080), Rice (Os07g46460), Maize (NM_001112223), <i>Arabidopsis</i> (CP002688), Soybean. (AK245357).</p

Grain protein QTLs.

<p>LOD score scan on chromosome 2A for QTLs associated with grain protein content. The significant scan for QTLs for each environment: A) mean across environments; B) Foggia 2006; C) Gaudiano 2006. The position and the name of molecular markers are shown on the chromosome along the horizontal axis. The LOD score scan was obtained by ICIM with highlights the markers used as cofactors. LOD stands for logarithm of the odds (to the base 10). A LOD score of three or more is generally considered significant - a LOD score of three means the odds are a thousand to one in favour of genetic linkage.</p

<i>Fd-GOGAT-A1</i> specific primer name, sequence and PCR condition used for SNPs detection.

<p>Each PCR starts with 5 min at 94°C, followed by 35 cycles of 1 min denaturation at 94°C, 1 min annealing at the specific annealing T° reported above, and 2 min elongation at 72°C, and ends with a final elongation of 20 min at 72°C.</p

Diagrammatic representation of the structure of <i>Fd-GOGAT</i> genes.

<p>The three homoeologous Fd-GOGAT genes of wheat cv Chinese Spring are shown. Exons are numbered boxes. Coding sequences are colored, non-coding sequences are uncoloured boxes. Introns are intervening lines. Intron 1 is indicated by the dotted line.</p

Density, Speed of Sound, Viscosity and Surface Tension of 3‑Dimethylamino-1-propylamine + Water, 3‑Amino-1-propanol + 3‑Dimethylamino-1-propanol, and (3-Amino-1-propanol + 3-Dimethylamino-1-propanol) + Water from <i>T</i> = (293.15 to 323.15) K

The present research work characterizes aqueous solutions of amines with possible implementation in acidic gases separation processes, regarding different physical properties. Specifically this study compares the behavior of aqueous solutions of a diamine (3-dimethylamino-1-propylamine + water, DMAPA) and ternary mixtures using aqueous amine blends (3-amino-1-propanol, AP + 3-dimethylamino-1-propanol, DMAP + water) with the same type and number of amino groups. These experimental data contribute useful information to analyze the most suitable system with respect to the physical properties, to be used in operations controlled by mass transfer. The binary system composed of the two amines used for the tertiary system (3-amino-1-propanol + 3-dimethylamino-1-propanol) has also been studied. The studies analyze the influence of mixture composition and temperature upon several properties such as density, speed of sound, dynamic viscosity, and surface tension. On the basis of these studies, some significant differences have been observed that can cause important effects on the behavior of mass transfer-based separation processes

Density, Speed of Sound, Viscosity, Surface Tension, and Excess Volume of <i>N</i>‑Ethyl-2-pyrrolidone + Ethanolamine (or Diethanolamine or Triethanolamine) from <i>T</i> = (293.15 to 323.15) K

Density, speed of sound, viscosity, and surface tension of the binary mixtures <i>N</i>-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (EP) + ethanolamine (MEA) (or diethanolamine (DEA) or triethanolamine (TEA)) were measured at different temperatures from (293.15 to 323.15) K over the entire range of concentrations. The excess molar volumes and isentropic compressibility deviations were calculated. Moreover, the excess molar volumes were fitted using a Redlich–Kister equation, and the surface tension data were fitted by the Connors–Wright model

Additional file 1: of DHPLC technology for high-throughput detection of mutations in a durum wheat TILLING population

Supplemental file S1. β-LCY gene sequences. (DOCX 12 kb

Marker trait association.

<p>Associated markers (with-Log10(P) ≥3) QTL for AX content detected by GWAS, using the Kinship matrix. Chromosome location and map position from Wang et al. (2014), -Log10(P) and SNP effect are reported for each SNP.</p