Modified multicycle viral replication assay.

<p>When VSV G pseudotyped viruses infect viral glycoprotein (G/F)-expressing permissive cells, multicycle replication is simulated where the initial entry is by VSV G pseudotyped virus but subsequent replication cycles are those of NiV pseudotyped virus produced after budding.</p

Inhibition of Multicycle replication by neutralizing antibodies.

<p>(A) Polyclonal antibodies were raised against NiV G in rats. While all the antibodies show inhibition of infection, the polyclonal antibodies from Rat #2 and Rat #4 show the strongest effect. (B) Anti-NiV monoclonal antibodies block NiV G/F in the MCR assay.</p

NiV multicycle replication using modified assay.

<p>Cells were transfected with plasmids encoding NiV G and F (triangles) and then infected with pseudotyped VSV. Transfected cells were also left uninfected as a control (squares). Additionally, control cells transfected with empty plasmid were also infected with pseudotyped VSV, showing single cycle replication (circles). Relative fluorescent intensities of the RFP were measured after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours.</p

Validation of modified pseudotype assay validation for NiV.

<p>Cells were transfected with plasmids encoding the NiV glycoproteins F and G and then infected with either pseudotyped NiV (A) or pseudotyped VSV (B) in presence of rat anti-NiV antibodies, Rat 2 (circles) or Rat 5 (squares). Relative fluorescent intensities of the RFP were measured after 48 hrs.</p

Antibody-mediated neutralization of live Nipah and Hendra viruses.

<p>*Relative neutralization titer is presented as a reciprocal dilution of antibody samples that completely inhibited either NiV or HeV cytopathic effect.</p><p>**Control antibody <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0030538#pone.0030538-Guillaume3" target="_blank">[18]</a>.</p

Additional file 4: Figure S2. of Targeting the cross-talk between Urokinase receptor and Formyl peptide receptor type 1 to prevent invasion and trans-endothelial migration of melanoma cells

Proliferation rate of melanoma cells. Cell proliferation of the indicated melanoma cell lines assessed by monitoring impedance by RTCA xCELLigence system. The reported doubling times were calculated from the cell growth curves, during exponential growth. Data represent mean ± SD from a quadruplicate experiment representative of 3 replicates. (PDF 120 kb

Multicycle replication (MCR) inhibition by antibody neutralization.

<p>(A) Cells coexpressing Nipah G/F and Venus-YFP were infected with pseudotyped VSV-ΔG-RFP-Nipah F/G, in the presence of anti-F or anti-G rabbit polyclonal antibodies. 48 hrs post-infection, the relative fluorescence intensities (RFI) were measured (B) and the spectral emission from the cells was converted into photographs (A). The bottom panel of photographs show extensive fusion in cells in the absence of antibodies (control), while no fusion is observed in the cells treated with anti-F antibodies, and some fusion is observed in the presence of anti-G antibodies. (B) polyclonal antibodies specific for HeV F or HeV G inhibit NiV pseudotype infection. Anti-HeV G antibodies show better dose response than anti-HeV F antibodies.</p

The modified assay can be adapted to other viruses.

<p>Cells were transfected with plasmids encoding glycoproteins from Lujo (A), Junin (B), VSV (C) or the influenza glycoprotein HA (D) then infected with pseudotyped VSV (triangles). Transfected cells were also left uninfected as a control (squares). Additionally, cells transfected with control empty plasmid were also infected with pseudotyped VSV showing single cycle replication (circles). Relative fluorescent intensities of the RFP were measured after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours.</p

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Targeting the cross-talk between Urokinase receptor and Formyl peptide receptor type 1 to prevent invasion and trans-endothelial migration of melanoma cells

Uncropped images of immunoblots. Full blots from Fig. 1b, Inset of the Fig. 2a, c, Fig. 4b, and Fig. 7a. (PDF 164 kb

In vivo efficacy of the dimeric cholesterol-tagged peptide.

<p>HPIV-P4 (•) was given intraperitoneally to groups of 5 hamsters concurrently with live NiV infection. Injections of the inhibitor were then repeated every day for up to 10 days post infection. Control animals were injected with vehicle alone (untreated, □) or with peptide without NiV infection (mock infected, Δ). Treatment with the dimeric cholesterol tagged peptide led to a statistically significant increase of survival compared to non treated infected animals (Chi² test = **P value = 0.008).</p