Sagittal (A) and coronal (B and C) drawings of the rat brain with the topography of brain nuclei and areas where <i>nephrectomized rats</i> responded with <i>losartan treatment</i> with moderate to high expressions of Fos as compared to <i>placebo-treated nephrectomized</i> animals.

<p>The rostro-caudal levels of the coronal sections are indicated on Fig. A). <i>Dark blue</i> = highly, <i>light blue = </i>moderately <i>elevated</i> Fos activation, <i>red = </i>highly, <i>light red</i> = moderately <i>depleted</i> Fos activation. (For the level of numerical changes <i>see </i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066543#pone-0066543-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.) <i>Abbreviations and numbers: see</i> Fig. 1.</p

Sagittal (A) and coronal (B and C) drawings of the rat brain with the topography of brain nuclei and areas where neurons in <i>nephrectomized rats</i> responded to <i>moxodinine treatment</i> with moderate to high expressions of Fos as compared to <i>placebo-treated nephrectomized</i> animals.

<p>The rostro-caudal levels of the coronal sections are indicated on Fig. A). <i>Dark blue</i> = highly, <i>light blue = </i>moderately <i>elevated</i> Fos activation, <i>red = </i>highly, <i>light red</i> = moderately <i>depleted</i> Fos activation. (For the level of numerical changes <i>see </i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066543#pone-0066543-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.) <i>Abbreviations and numbers: see</i> Fig. 1.</p

Characteristics of sham-operated and 4/6-nephrectomized (4/6NX) rats at sacrifice.

<p>Cl: clearance; AGE: advanced glycation end products-associated fluorescence of plasma; AU: arbitrary units; AOPPs: plasma advanced oxidation protein products; K-W: Kruskal-Wallis test;</p><p>+: p<0.05 vs. SHAM-PLAC;</p>*<p>: p<0.05 vs. 4/6NX-PLAC (Exact 2-sided Man-Whitney U-test with Bonferonni correction).</p

Fos expression in various brain areas after 4/6NX and its treatment with losartan and moxonidine.

<p>P: placebo; Grade: grading of c-fos expression (as given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066543#s2" target="_blank">Methods</a> section); Δ: change; Sh: sham-operated; NA: noradrenaline; A: adrenaline; VTA: ventral tegmental area; PVN: paraventricular nucleus; OVLT: organum vasculosum laminae terminalis; PAG: periaqueductal gray matter; dorsolat.: dorsolateral; CAs: anterior commissure; DG: dentate gyrus.</p

Sagittal (A) and coronal (B and C) drawings of the rat brain with the topography of brain nuclei and areas where neurons responded to experimental chronic renal failure (<i>4/6 nephrectomy)</i> with moderate to high expressions of Fos as compared to sham-operated animals.

<p>The rostro-caudal levels of the coronal sections are indicated on Fig. A). <i>Dark blue</i> = highly, <i>light blue = </i>moderately <i>elevated</i> Fos activation, <i>red = </i>highly, <i>light red</i> = moderately <i>depleted</i> Fos activation. (For the level of numerical changes <i>see </i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066543#pone-0066543-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.) <i>Abbreviations:</i> CA – anterior commissure, CC – corpus callosum, F – fornix. <i>Brain nuclei and areas:</i> 1 – locus coeruleus, 2 – A1 noradrenaline cell group, 3 – A5 noradrenaline cell group, 4 – C1 adrenaline cell group, 5 – dorsal raphe nucleus, 6 – medullary raphe nuclei, 7 – supraoptic nucleus, 8 – hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (magnocellular portion), 9 – preoptic AV3V area, 10 – organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT), 11 – subfornical organ, 12 – area postrema, 13 – hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (parvocellular portion), 14 – hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus, 15 – supramamillary nucleus, 16 – lateral hypothalamic area, 17 – lateral septum, 18 – central amygdala nucleus, 19 – somatosensory cortex, 20 – viscerosensory cortex (insula), 21 – nucleus of the solitary tract, 22 – periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), 23 – prefrontal cortex, 24 – piriform cortex, 25 – anterior cingulate cortex, 26 – hippocampus (CA1-3), 27 – subiculum, 28 – olfactory tubercle, 29 – substantia nigra/VTA dopamine neurons.</p