Outcomes of medical examinations, prevalence of psychiatric disorders, and alcohol, cigarette and recreational drug use by gender and by field of study.

<p>Outcomes of medical examinations, prevalence of psychiatric disorders, and alcohol, cigarette and recreational drug use by gender and by field of study.</p

Risk factors associated with psychiatric disorders: Depression, anxiety and panic attacks.

<p>Risk factors associated with psychiatric disorders: Depression, anxiety and panic attacks.</p

Study flow chart during the academic year 2012–2013.

<p>Study flow chart during the academic year 2012–2013.</p

Student characteristics by gender and by field of study.

<p>Student characteristics by gender and by field of study.</p

Living conditions, dietary behavior and physical activity by gender and by field of study.

<p>Living conditions, dietary behavior and physical activity by gender and by field of study.</p

Evaluation of the Bladder Stimulation Technique to Collect Midstream Urine in Infants in a Pediatric Emergency Department

<div><p>Objective</p><p>Midstream clean-catch urine is an accepted method to diagnose urinary tract infection but is impracticable in infants before potty training. We tested the bladder stimulation technique to obtain a clean-catch urine sample in infants.</p><p>Materials and methods</p><p>We included 142 infants under walking age who required a urine sample in a cross- sectional study carried out during a 3-months period, from September to November 2014, in the emergency department of the University Children’s Hospital of Nice (France). A technique based on bladder stimulation and lumbar stimulation maneuvers, with at least two attempts, was tested by four trained physicians. The success rate and time to obtain urine sample within 3 minutes were evaluated. Discomfort (EVENDOL score ≥4/15) was measured. We estimated the risk factors in the failure of the technique. Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test were used to compare frequencies. T-test and Wilcoxon test were used to compare quantitative data according to the normality of the distribution. Risk factors for failure of the technique were evaluated using a multivariate logistic regression model.</p><p>Results</p><p>We obtained midstream clean-catch urine in 55.6% of infants with a median time of 52.0 s (10.0; 110.0). The success rate decreased with age from 88.9% (newborn) to 28.6% (>1 y) (p = 0.0001) and with weight, from 85.7% (<4kg) to 28.6% (>10kg) (p = 0.0004). The success rate was 60.8% for infants without discomfort (p<0.0001). Heavy weight and discomfort were associated with failure, with adjusted ORs of 1.47 [1.04–2.31] and 6.65 [2.85–15.54], respectively.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Bladder stimulation seems to be efficient in obtaining midstream urine with a moderate success rate in our study sample. This could be an alternative technique for infants before potty training but further randomized multicenter studies are needed to validate this procedure.</p></div

Risk factors associated with failure of the procedure.

<p>Risk factors associated with failure of the procedure.</p

Frequency of discomfort by age in months or years (top panel) and weight in kilograms (bottom panel).

<p>Frequency of discomfort is defined as an EVENDOL score ≥4/15 at least once during the study protocol. Discomfort rates are presented as histograms with 95% confidence intervals (vertical line). The smooth curve (round dots) represents the discomfort rate based on age (top panel) or on weight (bottom panel).</p

Success rate by age in months or years (top panel) and weight in kilograms (bottom panel).

<p>Success rates are presented as histograms with 95% confidence intervals (vertical line). A smooth curve (round dots) represents the success rate based on age (top panel) or on weight (bottom panel).</p

Study flow chart.

<p>Successful group, n = 79.</p