Hematopoietic origin of Langerhans cell histiocytosis and Erdheim-Chester disease in adults.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) are rare histiocytic disorders induced by somatic mutation of MAPK pathway genes. BRAFV600E mutation is the most common mutation in both conditions and also occurs in the hematopoietic neoplasm hairy cell leukemia (HCL). It is not known if adult LCH or ECD arises from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), nor which potential blood borne precursors lead to the formation of histiocytic lesions. In this study, BRAFV600E allele-specific polymerase chain reaction was used to map the neoplastic clone in 20 adults with LCH, ECD, and HCL. BRAFV600E was tracked to classical monocytes, nonclassical monocytes, and CD1c+ myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) in the blood, and mutations were observed in HSCs and myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow of 4 patients. The pattern of involvement of peripheral blood myeloid cells was indistinguishable between LCH and ECD, although the histiocytic disorders were distinct to HCL. As reported in children, detection of BRAFV600E in peripheral blood of adults was a marker of active multisystem LCH. The healthy counterparts of myeloid cells affected by BRAF mutation had a range of differentiation potentials depending on exogenous signals. CD1c+ DCs acquired high langerin and CD1a with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and transforming growth factor β alone, whereas CD14+ classical monocytes required additional notch ligation. Both classical and nonclassical monocytes, but not CD1c+ DCs, made foamy macrophages easily in vitro with macrophage colony-stimulating factor and human serum. These studies are consistent with a hematopoietic origin and >1 immediate cellular precursor in both LCH and ECD

Decreased Numbers of Blood Dendritic Cells and Defective Function of Regulatory T Cells in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis

BACKGROUND: Dendritic cells (DC) and regulatory cells (Treg) play pivotal roles in controlling both normal and autoimmune adaptive immune responses. DC are the main antigen-presenting cells to T cells, and they also control Treg functions. In this study, we examined the frequency and phenotype of DC subsets, and the frequency and function of Treg from patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Blood samples from 19 untreated patients with AAV during flares and before any immunosuppressive treatment were analyzed, along with 15 AAV patients in remission and 18 age-matched healthy controls. DC and Treg numbers, and phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry, and in vitro suppressive function of Treg was determined by co-culture assay. When compared to healthy volunteers, absolute numbers of conventional and plasmacytoid DC were decreased in AAV patients. During the acute phase this decrease was significantly more pronounced and was associated with an increased DC expression of CD62L. Absolute numbers of Treg (CD4(+)CD25(high)CD127(low/-) Tcells) were moderately decreased in patients. FOXP3 and CD39 were expressed at similar levels on Treg from patients as compared to controls. The suppressive function of Treg from AAV patients was dramatically decreased as compared to controls, and this defect was more pronounced during flares than remission. This Treg functional deficiency occurred in the absence of obvious Th17 deviation. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, these data show that AAV flares are associated with both a decrease number and altered phenotype of circulating DC and point to a role for Treg functional deficiency in the pathogenesis of AAV

Regulation of CD8 T cell by B-cells: A narrative review

Activation of CD4 T cells by B cells has been extensively studied, but B cell-regulated priming, proliferation, and survival of CD8 T cells remains controversial. B cells express high levels of MHC class I molecules and can potentially act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for CD8 T cells. Several in vivo studies in mice and humans demonstrate the role of B cells as modulators of CD8 T cell function in the context of viral infections, autoimmune diseases, cancer and allograft rejection. In addition, B-cell depletion therapies can lead to impaired CD8 T-cell responses. In this review, we attempt to answer 2 important questions: 1. the role of B cell antigen presentation and cytokine production in the regulation of CD8 T cell survival and cell fate determination, and 2. The role of B cells in the formation and maintenance of CD8 T cell memory.SCOPUS: re.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Altered innate functions of myeloid dendritic cells in ANCA-associated vasculitis

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Human blood mDC subsets exhibit distinct TLR repertoire and responsiveness

International audienceHuman blood DCs encompass pDCs and two subsets of mDCs: CD1c(+) mDCs and CD141(+) mDCs. The rare CD141(+) DC population is thought to be the equivalent of mouse CD8α(+) cDCs that play a significant role in antigen cross-presentation. Here, we analyzed by Q-PCR TLR1-10 expression in blood DC subsets. Whereas CD1c(+) DCs express all TLR except TLR9, CD141(+) DCs present a more restricted pattern with high expression of TLR3 and -10, expression of TLR1,-2, -6, and -8, and lack of TLR4, -5, -7, and -9. The in vitro analysis of isolated mDC subset reponsiveness to an extensive panel of TLR ligands confirmed these results, with CD141(+) DCs responding only to TLR1/2, -3, and -7/8. The cytokine/chemokine production profile of isolated CD141(+) DCs was also more restricted, as they produced mainly proinflammatory cytokines but no IL-12 and to a lower level, in comparison with CD1c(+) DCs, except for CXCL10, CCL5, and IFN-β. In contrast, with the use of a whole blood assay, we found that CD141(+) DCs produce IL-12 in response to TLR1/2, -3, and more surprisingly, -9. Finally, both mDC subsets are potent inducers of Th1 response, particularly after TLR3 triggering. Taken together, these data confirmed functional differences between blood mDC subsets. The major response of CD141(+) mDCs to TLR3 ligand and their cytokine production pattern suggest a role for these cells in antiviral immunity

Neutrophil-derived extracellular vesicles induce endothelial inflammation and damage through the transfer of miRNAs

International audienceThe critical role of neutrophils in pathological inflammation, notably in various autoimmune disorders, is currently the focus of renewed interest. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that activation of neutrophils with various inflammatory stimuli induces the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are internalized by endothelial cells (ECs), thus leading to the transfer of miR-223, miR-142–3p and miR-451 and subsequent endothelial damage. Indeed, while miR-223 has little effect on EC responses, we show that the induced expression of miR-142–3p and miR-451 in ECs results in profound cell damage, especially in inflammatory conditions, characterized by a dramatic increase in cell apoptosis, impaired angiogenic repair responses, and the induction of IL-6, IL-8, CXCL10 and CXCL11 expression. We show that the strong deleterious effect of miR-142–3p may be due in part to its ability to block the activation of ERK1/2 and eNOS-mediated signals in ECs. miR-142–3p also inhibits the expression of RAC1, ROCK2 and CLIC4, three genes that are critical for EC migration and angiogenic responses. Importantly, miR-223, miR-142–3p and miR-451 are markedly increased in kidney biopsies from patients with active ANCA-associated vasculitis, a severe autoimmune disease that is prototypical of a neutrophil-induced microvascular damage. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-142–3p and miR-451 released in EVs by activated neutrophils can target EC to trigger an inflammatory cascade and induce direct vascular damage, and that therapeutic strategies based on the inhibition of these miRNAs in ECs will have implications for neutrophil-mediated inflammatory diseases

Inflammatory optic neuropathy in granulomatosis with polyangiitis can mimick isolated idiopathic optic neuritis

International audienceOBJECTIVE:We describe a clinico-radiological presentation of inflammatory optic neuropathy that mimicked optic neuritis.METHODS:Retrospective single-center case series and literature review of optic neuropathy without orbital pseudotumor.RESULTS:Five local patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Clinical presentation revealed rapidly progressive severe unilateral visual loss, retrobulbar pain (n = 4), and paralytic strabismus (simultaneous = 2, protracted = 2) without proptosis. Optic nerve abnormality was not appreciated on initial scan review. Patients did not have any general activity of the granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Upon follow-up magnetic resonance imaging and initial imaging review, all patients revealed orbital apex anomalies. Visual acuity improved in three patients who received high-dose intravenous glucocorticosteroids immediately. Relapse was frequent and visual outcome was poor (final vision > 20/40 in two patients only). Literature review identified 16 well-documented cases of granulomatosis with polyangiitis-related isolated optic neuropathies. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed no abnormality (n = 6), optic nerve and/or sheath involvement (n = 9), apex infiltration (n = 3), and/or pachymeningitis (n = 7).CONCLUSION:Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is a rare yet potentially blinding cause of inflammatory optic neuropathy. Optic neuropathy in granulomatosis with polyangiitis may occur in the absence of systemic symptoms of disease activity and is challenging to distinguish from other inflammatory and non-inflammatory disorders affecting visual acuity. Several clinical and imaging clues suggest that optic neuropathy results from the development of an extravascular granulomatous process within the optic nerve sheath in the orbital apex, a place that is difficult to image. In a granulomatosis with polyangiitis patient with unexplained visual loss and a seemingly normal workup (fundoscopy, biology, and imaging), clinician should keep a high index of suspicion

Persistent deficiency of circulating mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in ANCA-associated vasculitis

International audienceObjective: Mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAIT) and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have immuno-regulatory functions at mucosal sites and have been involved in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to assess their frequencies in blood in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV).Methods: The frequencies and function of MAIT cells, ILCs, gdT, iNKT, NK cells were analyzed by flow cytometry on PBMC of patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) without any treatment, in acute (AP) and remission phase (RP) and compared with healthy controls (HC).Results: The frequencies of MAIT cells were strongly decreased in GPA and MPA in AP compared to HC, both in never treated and in relapsing patients and independently of patient age. This was associated with an activated phenotype of patient MAIT cells, as shown by increased expression of CD69 and IFNg. MAIT cells remained decreased during RP in AAV patients. The frequencies of iNKT and gdT cells were unaffected compared to HC, whereas those of NK cells were slightly reduced during AP in MPA. We also observed a significant decrease in frequencies of total ILCs with decreased ILC2 and ILC3 and increased ILC1 during AP in both GPA and MPA compared to HC. These frequencies normalized during RP. Interestingly , we observed a significant correlation between the frequency of total ILCs and BVAS.Conclusion: We show for the first time that AAV are associated with a major decrease and an activated phenotype of blood MAIT cell. These features persisted during remission suggesting a role for MAIT cells in the pathogenesis of AAV

Altered innate function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells restored by enzyme replacement therapy in Gaucher disease

International audienceBackground: Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by an autosomal-recessive deficiency of β-glucocerebrosidase leading to an accumulation of glucosylceramide in monocytes/macrophage lineage. We analyzed immune cells and especially the function of dendritic cells to evaluate the potential impact of glucosylceramide accumulation in these cells and its possible role in infections and malignancies usually described in this pathology. These analyses were performed for each patient without and under enzyme replacement therapy.Methods: Seven GD patients were studied and compared with healthy volunteers. Immune cells (B cells, T cells, NK, dendritic cells), were analyzed by flow cytometry directly on whole blood. Cytokine production by blood dendritic cells was assessed after stimulation by toll-like receptor ligands. Cytokines in sera were measured using a multiplex assay.Results: GD patients displayed decreased numbers of NK cells, γδ2 T cells and increased frequency of memory CD4+CD45RO+ T cells, when compared to healthy controls. Numbers of dendritic cells (myeloid (mDC) and plasmacytoid (pDC) dendritic cells) were also decreased. We demonstrated that pDC from GD patients exhibited a decrease in IFNα production after TLR9 stimulation compared to controls. Importantly, enzyme replacement therapy restored pDC function. Finally, we observed an increase of IL-8 and IL-18 in GD patient sera, which were reduced under enzyme replacement therapy.Conclusions: Our data confirm that patients with GD exhibit altered numbers of innate and T lymphocytes and show for the first time that pDC from GD patients exhibit altered responsiveness to TLR9. These alterations could contribute to a decreased response to pathogens and could favor the development of malignancies