Similar HIV-specific T cell responses in PHI-patients and HIC.

<p><b>A.</b> PHI patients: frequency of CD4+ T-cells producing at least one cytokine (IFN-γ, MIP-1β or IL-2) in response to HIV-p24 stimulation, as determined by ICS (left); percentage of patients with a positive CD4+ T-cell response (centre); and frequency of HIV-specific CD4+ T-cells producing one, two or three cytokines (right) <b>B.</b> same experiments with CD8+ T-cells challenged with MHC-matched optimal HIV-1 peptides. <b>C.</b> Comparative frequency of IFNγ- (left) and IL2 (right)-producing CD4+ T-cells in PHI patients and HIC. D. <i>Idem</i> for CD8+ T-cells. Each symbol represents one individual. Medians are shown as horizontal lines.</p

Time course of plasma viral load in PHI patients between the pre-inclusion visit (∼d-7) and inclusion of the study (d0).

<p>Values for patients who experienced a decline of at least 0.3 log in their viral load (arbitrary threshold) during this period are shown in red, and those from patients whose viral load remained stable are in blue.</p

Characteristics of groups of patients included in the study.

1<p>PHI, Primary HIV Infection;</p>2<p>HIC: HIV controllers;</p>3<p>NA: not applicable.</p

Modest capacity of CD8+ T cells from PHI-patients to suppress infection.

<p><b>A.</b> Capacity of CD8+ T-cells from PHI patients and HIC to suppress HIV infection of autologous CD4+ T-cells ex vivo, measured as the log fall in p24 production in culture supernatants when CD4+ T-cells superinfected in vitro with HIV-1 Bal were co-cultured with unstimulated autologous CD8+ T-cells at a ratio of 1∶1, by comparison with p24 production by superinfected CD4+ T-cells cultured alone. Each symbol represents one patient. Open circles represent patients carrying at least one HLA-B*27 or B*57 allele. <b>B.</b> Correlation between CD8+ T-cell-mediated HIV suppression and the frequency of IFNγ-producing CD8+ T-cells between HIC (black symbols) and PHI patients (red symbols). Linear regression is shown for HIC. <b>C.</b> Capacity of CD8+ T-cells from patients with acute or early PHI to suppress HIV infection ex vivo. <b>D.</b> Comparison of the capacity of CD8+ T-cells from PHI patients with decreasing and stable viral loads to suppress HIV infection of autologous CD4+ T-cells.</p

HIV-RNA and HIV-DNA load and HIV-RNA/HIV-DNA ratio during PHI before cART initiation, in blood and semen, in patients with acute infection (n = 8, black dots) and recent infection (n = 11, triangles).

<p>HIV-RNA and HIV-DNA load and HIV-RNA/HIV-DNA ratio during PHI before cART initiation, in blood and semen, in patients with acute infection (n = 8, black dots) and recent infection (n = 11, triangles).</p

Changes in seminal and blood HIV-RNA and HIV-DNA between D0 (cART initiation during PHI) and M24 (2 years of cART).

<p>As shown on the right panel, an increase in seminal HIV-DNA load with stable blood HIV-DNA load occurred in two patients. Horizontal lines are the detection thresholds.</p

Demographic and baseline characteristics.

<p>Data are number (%) or median (min-max). MSM = men who have sex with men. PBMC = peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Acute HIV infection was defined by the presence of one band or fewer on HIV-1 western blot, plus detectable plasma HIV-RNA. P values: acute vs recent infection (Wilcoxon Exact test).</p

Correlations between seminal HIV-RNA and (a) blood HIV-RNA, (b) the CD4 cell count, and (c) the CD4/CD8 ratio, and between IP-10 and (d) blood HIV-RNA (e) seminal HIV-DNA, and (f) blood HIV-DNA, according to primary infection status: Acute infection (black dots), and recent infection (triangles).

<p>Correlations between seminal HIV-RNA and (a) blood HIV-RNA, (b) the CD4 cell count, and (c) the CD4/CD8 ratio, and between IP-10 and (d) blood HIV-RNA (e) seminal HIV-DNA, and (f) blood HIV-DNA, according to primary infection status: Acute infection (black dots), and recent infection (triangles).</p

Standardized difference between statin users and non users.

<p>Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index, HCV = hepatitis C virus, HBs = hepatitis B, AIDS = acquired immune deficiency syndrome.</p

Characteristics of the study patients.

<p>Table entries are n (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range), as appropriate.</p><p>Index date: date of MI diagnosis.</p><p>MSM: men having sex with men, BMI: body mass index, AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome, HCV: hepatitis C virus, HBs: hepatitis B surface.</p><p>* p values were calculated including missing data.</p><p>^† Within three months prior to the index date.</p><p>Characteristics of the study patients.</p