L’Initiative Médicaments Innovants

L’initiative médicaments innovants (IMI) est l’une des initiatives technologiques conjointes mise en oeuvre dans le cadre du 7e programme cadre Recherche et Développement communautaire (2007-2013). Lancée par la Commission Européenne et la Fédération Européenne des Industries et Associations Pharmaceutiques, elle a pour objectif d’identifier et lever les « goulots d’étranglements » de la recherche et du développement de nouveaux candidats médicaments. IMI, officiellement lancée le 30 avril 2008, renforcera les possibilités de partenariats public-privé en focalisant des efforts de recherche sur les éléments critiques de la découverte de nouveaux candidats médicaments tels que la prédiction de l’efficacité et de la sécurité, la gestion des connaissances et la formation. Cette initiative renforcera l’attractivité de l’Europe dans les sciences biomédicales et à terme conduira à apporter de nouveaux traitements au profit des malades

How to Build and Wield Business Power: The Political Economy of Pension Regulation in Chile, 1990-2018

What explains the remarkable resilience of pension regulation in postauthoritarian Chile, even after decades of majoritarian voter discontent and growing international and domestic criticism of Pinochet’s pioneering private capitalization system? This puzzling outcome can be understood only by looking at the combined effect of the pension industry’s long-term power-building investments and its short-term political actions to outmaneuver state and societal challengers. Engaging new theoretical developments in political economy and historical institutionalism, this study examines the long-term process by which the previously nonexistent Chilean pension industry expanded and leveraged its power during key episodes of open contestation. The analysis of pension regulation in Chile between the 1980s and the 2010s illustrates the importance of placing business power in time, motivating new rounds of theory building in the quest to address the perennial question of how business gets what it wants in the political arena.Fil: Bril Mascarenhas, Tomas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Escuela de Política y Gobierno; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Maillet, Antoine. Universidad de Chile; Chil

Process tracing: induction, deduction, and causal inference

El process tracing es un método para arribar a inferencias causales sólidas. Preocupados por la fragmentación creciente de la literatura en torno a variantes de process tracing, ponemos de relieve aquello que unifica el método: la reconstitución, desde distintas entradas, de una narrativa plausible y persuasiva para explicar resultados de interés. Nuestro argumento se construye a partir de la presentación de dos procesos de investigación, seleccionados por haberse iniciado desde dos entradas distintas: inductiva en un caso —por la novedad del fenómeno—, deductiva en el otro —por la existencia de teorías previas—. Mostramos cómo hacer process tracing rigurosamente, alternando momentos inductivos y deductivos según la entrada adoptada, y destacamos que estos estudios convergen en la producción de una narrativa que articula hipótesis y mecanismos causales para explicar los resultados de interés.Process tracing is a method to obtain solid causal inferences. Concerned by the fragmentation of the growing literature distinguishing different types of process tracing, we highlight the elements that unite this method: the construction, through different routes, of narratives that provide plausible, persuasive explanations of the outcomes of interest. Our argument draws on the comparison of two studies with different entry points to the research process: the first one starts inductively due to the novelty of the outcome of interest, while the second study starts deductively since previous theories were available. We show how to conduct process-tracing analysis rigorously and highlight that these studies converge to produce narratives structured around hypotheses and causal mechanisms that explain the outcomes