<i>Cis</i>- associations detected with Spearman Rank Correlation analysis of normalized and PCA-corrected expression data.

<p><i>Cis</i>- associations detected with Spearman Rank Correlation analysis of normalized and PCA-corrected expression data.</p

Spearman's rho for each significant SNP-probe <i>cis</i>- association shared by at least two populations.

<p>Shown are plots of rho for significant associations (permutation threshold 0.01) for each pairwise combination of populations. Within a panel, dots shown in upper left and lower right quadrants indicate significant SNP-probe associations where the allelic direction of the association is in opposite directions in the two populations being compared.</p

Expression level fold-change for significant SNP-probe <i>cis</i>- associations shared by pairs of populations.

<p>Shown are plots of the absolute value of expression level fold-change between median expression levels of homozygote classes for significant associations (permutation threshold 0.01) for each pairwise combination of populations. Within a panel, deviating from the 1 to 1 line (lower left to upper right) indicates differences in expression level fold-change (effect size) on log₂ scale in the two populations being compared.</p

<i>Cis</i>- associations detected with Spearman Rank Correlation analysis of “REDUCED” data.

<p><i>Cis</i>- associations detected with Spearman Rank Correlation analysis of “REDUCED” data.</p

Distribution of <i>cis</i>- associations in each population relative to the transcription start site (TSS).

<p>−log₁₀ of the p-value is plotted against distance measured in base pairs from the associated SNP to the TSS. Each dot represents the most significant SNP for a significant gene (permutation threshold 0.01) in a population. Each panel represents a different population.</p

Distribution of <i>cis</i>- associations relative to the transcription start site (TSS) and in relation to population sharing.

<p>−log₁₀ of the p-value is plotted against distance measured in base pairs from the associated SNP to the TSS. Each dot represents the most significant SNP for a significant gene (permutation threshold 0.01) in a population. Panels separate associations that were significant in one population, two populations, etc. All populations are lumped together.</p

Consistently higher effect sizes for women for all seven loci.

<p>Shown are beta-estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the seven identified SNPs (also stating the phenotype for which the SNP was selected for).</p

Seven identified SNPs compared to previously published loci.

a<p>The Effect allele refers to a positive effect direction in the discovery stage for the trait and gender, the SNP was selected for;</p>b<p>Gene near this SNP which was published previously from sex-combined analyses.</p><p>The seven SNPs with sex difference are considered to depict a known locus, if the index SNP is close to a published top SNP (<1 cM). These include four of the previously reported sexually dimorphic WHR loci (Heid et al., Nat Genet 2010).</p

Seven SNPs show sex difference.

a<p>Trait and sex for which the SNP was selected;</p>b<p>Gene labels state the nearest gene or the gene as published previously; details on all genes near the association signal can be found in the <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003500#pgen.1003500.s002" target="_blank">Figure S2</a>;</p>c<p>One-sided P-Values.</p>d<p>larger sample size due to one additional study that did not have hip circumference, and therefore could not contribute to WHRadjBMI.</p>e<p>smaller sample size as this SNP was not on Metabochip.</p><p>Shown are the seven SNPs with significant (at 5% false discovery rate) sex difference in the follow-up data. These seven SNPs exhibit genome-wide significant association in women (joint discovery and follow-up <i>P_women</i><5×10−8) and only two of these show nominally significant association in men (joint <i>P_men</i><0.05). The three loci MAP3K1, HSD17B4, and PPARG are shown here for the first time for their anthropometric trait association as well as for sex-difference.</p

Overview of design and findings.

<p>Among the 7 identified loci, we defined those close to (<1 cM) published hits <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003500#pgen.1003500-LangoAllen1" target="_blank">[25]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003500#pgen.1003500-Speliotes1" target="_blank">[29]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003500#pgen.1003500-Heid1" target="_blank">[31]</a> as <i>near published hit</i>s and <i>novel</i> otherwise. Novel loci with sex-combined discovery P-value<5.8×10⁻⁵, which is the P-value cut-off corresponding to 5% FDR, were declared as loci that <i>could have been discovered also with sex-combined analysis</i>, and otherwise that these <i>would have been missed without the sex-stratified analyses</i>. FDR = false discovery rate.</p