Κοινός τόπος και διαφορές σε άτομα με ΔΕΠΥ και Οριακή Διαταραχή Προσωπικότητας. Εστίαση στα νευροψυχολογικά ελλείμματα.

Η σχέση της Διαταραχής Ελλειμματικής Προσοχής και Υπερκινητικότητας (ΔΕΠΥ), με την Οριακή Διαταραχή Προσωπικότητας (ΟΔΠ) αποτελεί αντικείμενο πλήθους ερευνών τα τελευταία έτη, με επίκεντρο ενδιαφέροντος τους τομείς της παρορμητικότητας, της συναισθηματικής αστάθειας και των επιτελικών λειτουργιών. Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία έχει σκοπό να διερευνήσει τις ομοιότητες και διαφορές ανάμεσα στις δύο διαταραχές, με εστίαση στα νευροψυχολογικά ελλείμματα. Για τον λόγο αυτό, πραγματοποιήθηκε σύγκριση τριών ομάδων ενηλίκων, 10 ατόμων με ΔΕΠΥ, 10 ατόμων με ΟΔΠ και 10 υγιών μαρτύρων με το αυτοσυμπληρούμενο ερωτηματολόγιο παρορμητικότητας AECOM – ICS (Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Impulsivity Coping Scale), το αυτοσυμπληρούμενο ερωτηματολόγιο υποκειμενικής ικανότητας ελέγχου του συναισθήματος DERS (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale) και με τέσσερις νευροψυχολογικές δοκιμασίες (WAIS IV, Stroop Color Word Test, Rey Complex Figure Test και Wisconsin Card Sorting Test). Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα, τα άτομα με ΔΕΠΥ παρουσιάζουν αυξημένα επίπεδα αυτοαναφερόμενης παρορμητικότητας και χαμηλότερη επίδοση στην οπτικοχωρική κατασκευαστική ικανότητα. Τα άτομα με ΟΔΠ παρουσιάζουν χαμηλότερη επίδοση στην αναστολή της αυθόρμητης απάντησης και υψηλότερα επίπεδα αυτοαναφερόμενης συναισθηματικής αστάθειας. Τα ευρήματα αυτά υποδεικνύουν τη διαφοροποίηση ανάμεσα σε ΔΕΠΥ και ΟΔΠ στην παρορμητικότητα, στη συναισθηματική αστάθεια και σε επιμέρους νοητικούς τομείς και θέτουν τη βάση για μελλοντικές έρευνες.The relationship between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) has been the subject of much research in recent years, focusing on areas of impulsivity, emotional instability and executive functions. This paper aims to investigate the similarities and differences between the two disorders, with a focus on neurocognitive deficits. For this reason, a comparison was made between three groups, 10 adults with ADHD, 10 adults with BPD and 10 healthy controls using AECOM - ICS (Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Impulsivity Coping Scale) self-reported impulsivity questionnaire, DERS (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale) self-reported questionnaire of subjective ability to control emotions and four neuropsychological tests (WAIS IV, Stroop Color Word Test, Rey Complex Figure Test και Wisconsin Card Sorting Test). According to the results, ADHD group showed increased levels of self-reported impulsivity and lower performance in visual-spatial construction capacity. BPD group showed lower performance in response inhibition and higher levels of self-reported emotional instability. These findings indicate the differentiation between ADHD and BDP in impulsivity, emotional instability and specific cognitive domains and form the basis for future research

Factors of influence in prisoner’s dilemma task: a review of medical literature

The Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) is one of the most popular concepts amongst the scientific literature. The task is used in order to study different types of social interactions by giving participants the choice to defect or cooperate in a specific social setting/dilemma. This review focuses on the technical characteristics of the PD task as it is used in medical literature and describes how the different PD settings could influence the players’ behaviour. We identify all the studies that have used the PD task in medical research with human participants and distinguish, following a heuristic approach, seven parameters that can differentiate a PD task, namely (a) the opponent parties’ composition; (b) the type of the opponent as perceived by the players; (c) the interaction flow of the game; (d) the number of rounds; (e) the instructions narrative and options that are given to players; (f) the strategy and (g) the reward matrix and payoffs of the game. We describe how each parameter could influence the final outcome of the PD task and highlight the great variability concerning the settings of these parameters in medical research. Our aim is to point out the heterogeneity of such methods in the past literature and to assist future researchers with their methodology design

Factors of influence in Prisoner’s Dilemma task: a review of medical literature

Prisoner’s dilemma (PD) is one of the most popular concepts amongst the scientific literature. The task is used in order to study different types of social interactions by giving participants the choice to defect or cooperate in a specific social setting/dilemma. This review focuses on the technical characteristics of the PD task as it is used in medical literature and describes how the different PD settings could influence the players’ behaviour. We identify all the studies that have used the PD task in medical research with human participants and distinguish, following a heuristic approach, seven parameters that can differentiate a PD task, namely a. the opponent parties’ composition; b. the type of the opponent as perceived by the players; c. the interaction flow of the game; d.the number of rounds; e. the instructions, narration and options that are given to players; f.the strategy and g. the reward matrix and payoffs of the game. We describe how each parameter could influence the final outcome of the PD task and highlight the great variability concerning the settings of these parameters in medical research. Our aim is to point out the heterogeneity of such methods in the past literature and to assist future researchers into methodology design

Psychopathological Determinants of Quality of Life in People with Borderline Personality Disorder

Background: Subjective quality of life (SQOL) in people with borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a marker of disease burden; a crucial treatment outcome; an indicator of psychosocial functioning; and a measure of interventions’ effectiveness. Given the dearth of consolidated data, the current study examined psychopathological determinants of global and domain-specific SQOL in people with BPD. Methods: Hierarchical regression models were employed to examine in BPD patients (n = 150) the relationships of the number of BPD diagnostic criteria; the co-occurrence of other personality disorders (PDs); depression; state and trait anxiety; suicidality; self-harming; alcohol and substance use disorders with SQOL indices, namely physical health, psychological health, social relationships, environment, overall QOL and overall health. SQOL was estimated using the WHOQOL-BREF instrument. Results: Co-existing symptomatology such as depression, state and trait anxiety, and personality pathology, namely the co-occurrence of other PDs, exhibited significant associations with global and domain-specific SQOL, albeit depression was the strongest determinant of the most SQOL domains. In contrast, the number of BPD diagnostic criteria and central illness features such as suicidality, self-harming behaviour, and impulsivity manifested through alcohol and substance use did not exhibit significant associations with any SQOL dimension. Conclusions: Comprehensive assessment of depressive symptoms should be regularly implemented in BPD services to facilitate early detection and treatment, thereby ensuring patients’ SQOL. Accordingly, tackling anxiety and other PDs co-occurrence through appropriate interventions can facilitate more effectively SQOL improvement. Our findings can be explained by the hypothesis that co-existing psychopathology such as depression, anxiety and co-occurrence of other PDs in BPD patients represent illness severity indices rather than comorbid disorders, and might fully mediate the effect of BPD traits on SQOL. Future mediation analysis is required to elucidate this hypothesis