38,694 research outputs found
Atmospheric Neutrinos and the Oscillations Bonanza
New observations with atmospheric neutrinos from the underground experiments
SuperKamiokande, Soudan 2, and MACRO, together with earlier results from
Kamiokande and IMB, are reviewed. The most recent observations reconfirm
aspects of atmospheric flavor content and of zenith angle distributions which
appear anomalous in the context of null oscillations. The anomalous trends,
exhibited with high statistics in both sub-GeV and multi-GeV data of the
SuperKamiokande water Cherenkov experiment, occur also in event samples
recorded by the tracking calorimeters. The data are well-described by
disappearence of nu_mu flavor neutrinos arising in oscillations with dominant
two-state mixing, for which there exists a parameter region allowed by all
experiments. In a new analysis by SuperKamiokande, nu_mu -> nu_tau is favored
over nu_mu -> nu_s as the dominant oscillation based upon absence of
oscillation suppression from matter effects at high energies. The possibility
for sub-dominant nu_mu -> nu_e oscillations in atmospheric neutrinos which
arises with three-flavor mixing, is reviewed, and intriguing possibilities for
amplification of this oscillation by terrestrial matter-induced resonances are
discussed. Developments and future measurements which will enhance our
knowledge of the atmospheric neutrino fluxes are briefly noted.Comment: Plenary talk at the XIX Int. Symposium on Lepton and Photon
Interactions at High Energies, Stanford, Aug. 1999, 28 pages, 16 figures;
added a reference for section 1
Aristotle on virtue: a response to Thomas Hurka
I defend Aristotle's account of the motivations of the virtuous agent from criticisms made by Thomas Hurka
Boundary of Nuclear Physics and QCD
Recent progress in lattice QCD, combined with the imminent advent of a new
generation of dedicated supercomputers and advances in chiral extrapolation
mean that the next few years will bring quite novel insights into hadron
structure. We review some of the recent highlights in this field, the questions
which might be addressed and the experiments which may be expected to stretch
that understanding to its limits. Only with a sound understanding of hadron
structure can one hope to explore the fundamental issue of how that structure
may change at finite density (or temperature). We explore potential future
insights from lattice QCD into the phenomenon of nuclear saturation and a very
important hint from recent data of a change in the structure of a bound
nucleon.Comment: Invited talk presented at INPC2001, Berkeley, August 200
The spin structure function of the neutron
The neutron spin structure function, , has been of considerable
interest recently in connection with the Bjorken sum rule and the proton spin
crisis. Work on this problem has concentrated on measurements at low-. We
recall the important, non-perturbative physics to be learnt by going instead to
larger values of and especially from a determination of the place where the
expected sign change occurs. Of course, in order to obtain neutron data one
must use nuclear targets and apply appropriate corrections. In this regard, we
review recent progress concerning the various nuclear corrections that must be
applied to measurements on polarised He.Comment: Invited presentation at the Workshop on the Spin Structure of the
Proton and Polarized Collider Physics, ECT* Trento, July 23-28, 200
Against requirements of rationality
Are inferences, theoretical and practical, subject to requirements of rationality? If so, are these of the form 'if … ought …' or 'ought … if …'? If the latter, how are we to understand the 'if'? It seems that, in all cases, we get unintuitive implications (often involving bootstrapping) if 'ought' connotes having reason. It is difficult to formulate such requirements, and obscure what they explain. There might also be a requirement forbidding self-contradiction (not that one's current beliefs can be consciously contradictory). It is a good question whether self-contradiction constitutes, or evidences, irrationality; but talk of a rational requirement causes trouble
Are Plato’s soul-parts psychological subjects?
It is well-known that Plato’s Republic introduces a tripartition of the incarnate human soul; yet quite how to interpret his ‘parts’ (a term, meros, that is neither recurrent nor emphatic)1 is debated. On a strong reading, they are psychological subjects – much as we take ourselves to be, but homunculi, not homines. On a weak reading, they are something less paradoxical: aspects of ourselves, identified by characteristic mental states, dispositional and occurrent, that tend to come into conflict. Christopher
Bobonich supports the strong reading in his Plato’s Utopia Recast: His Later Ethics and Politics (2002). In his The Brute Within: Appetitive Desire in Plato and Aristotle (2006), Hendrik Lorenz agrees with Bobonich that the parts of the soul are ‘the subjects or bearers of psychological states’ (23). Any ascription to my Mental Conflict (1995) of
the opposed, weak view needs qualification: my Plato is highly ambivalent (56-7).2 But my intention here is less to defend an earlier self – though I predict failing to escape it – than to reconsider tripartition in the Republic in the light of Bobonich’s virtuosity and Lorenz’s lucidity. They persuade me of the inexhaustibility of the text, notably within Book 4 from 436 to 439. About these pages we may indeed disagree: they find them decisive in favour of their view, as I don’t. When Socrates remarks, ‘Let us have our
understanding still more precise, lest as we proceed we become involved in dispute’ (436c8-9), he was not anticipating the dissensions of interpreters
Cosmological backreaction in higher-derivative gravity expansions
We calculate a general effective stress-energy tensor induced by cosmological
inhomogeneity in effective theories of gravity where the action is
Taylor-expandable in the Riemann tensor and covariant derivatives of the
Riemann tensor. This is of interest as an effective fluid that might provide an
alternative to the cosmological constant, but it also applies to gravitational
waves. We use an adaptation of Green and Wald's weak-averaging framework, which
averages over perturbations in the field equation where the perturbation length
scales are small compared to the averaging scale. In this adaptation, the
length scale of the effective theory, , is also taken to be small compared
with the averaging scale. This ensures that the perturbation length scales
remain in fixed proportion to the length scale of the effective theory as the
cosmological averaging scale is taken to be large. We find that backreaction
from higher-derivative terms in the effective action can continue to be
important in the late universe, given a source of sufficiently high-frequency
metric perturbations. This backreaction might also provide a window on exotic
particle physics in the far ultraviolet.Comment: 27 pages, 2 references added, minor clarifications made, comments
added to introduction and discussion, some details moved to appendice
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