Studies on metal-humic interactions

The favoured option for disposal of low and intermediate level radioactive waste is burial deep underground. In the safety assessment of deep disposal facilities a possibility which has to be considered is the eventual penetration of the engineered and natural barriers by ground water. Unfortunately humic and fulvic acids, present in most natural waters, can combine with radionuclides to produce metal complexes which are potentially more mobile in the environment than the original radionuclides from which they are formed. Migration of such complexes via groundwater and/or subsequently surface water routes could result in accelerated release of radionuclides to the biosphere. Quantitative knowledge of the extent of possible metal humate and fulvate interactions is therefore of considerable importance. In this study the complexation of Ni, Eu and Ce by humic and fulvic acids present in both ground and surface waters has been investigated. In most studies, to simplify the chemistry involved, humics and fulvics are separated from the water in which they occur before determination of their complexation properties. However, the severe conditions employed in the extraction process could conceivably alter the very properties to be measured. Accordingly the complexation properties of humics and fulvics present in a surface water have been studied both before and after extraction. The major part of this study was undertaken using a High Performance Size Exclusion Chromatographic technique especially developed to facilitate determinations on nonextracted materials. A fluorescence technique was also investigated as a more rapid alternative but was found to be of limited applicability. Complexation parameters were derived using a strong and weak site model. The effects of side reactions, ionic strength, pH, ligand type and nature of the cation were taken into account. With respect to measured stability constants, no major differences between ground and surface waters or extracted and non extracted materials were found. However, measured capacities of humics and fulvics for metals showed some variation according to the nature of the material and the system

Additional file 1: of A genome-wide survey of DNA methylation in hexaploid wheat

Supplementary data file includes Figures S1–S11, Tables S1–S12 and Notes 1–4. (PDF 107087 kb

Additional file 3: of A modified sequence capture approach allowing standard and methylation analyses of the same enriched genomic DNA sample

Table S1. Drought tolerance associated genes. 120-mer probes were tiled end-to-end across these genes of particular interest [15–18]. (PDF 81 kb

Additional file 2: of A modified sequence capture approach allowing standard and methylation analyses of the same enriched genomic DNA sample

Figure S2. Design of the 12 Mbp wheat gene capture array. The 110 Mbp design target sequence for the capture probe set is as described by Gardiner et al. (Gardiner et al., 2015). The RNA baits for this SureSelect Methyl-Seq Target Enrichment system are all 120 bp in length, unique, non-repetitive and are evenly placed across the available wheat genic target sequence according to the design illustrated. (PDF 187 kb

Additional file 1: of A modified sequence capture approach allowing standard and methylation analyses of the same enriched genomic DNA sample

Figure S1. Depth of coverage summarised for the non-bisulphite treated samples per extended bait sequence reference contig. Reference extended bait sequence contigs here are organized using POPseq chromosomal pseudomolecules. a) Displays data for the NBTS sample and b) displays data for the NBTF sample. (PDF 1425 kb

Additional file 1: of Reasons for poor follow-up of diabetic retinopathy patients after screening in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study

Study Questionnaire. The interview was conducted in Kiswahili by a native speaker. The structured questionnaire used was pilot tested on 10 patients at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) prior to its use in order to ensure adequate understanding. The answers were recorded in Kiswahili and then translated into English. (DOCX 84 kb

Estimates of period of circadian rhythms of (a) photosynthesis and (b) stomatal conductance in <i>HvPpd-H1</i> (filled circles) and <i>Hvppd-H1</i> (open circles) in constant white light of 100 μmol m^-2 s^-1 (black outlined symbols) or red light (red symbols).

<p>Each data point is derived from one individual seedling. Triangles represent the mean values.</p

Summary of circadian period estimates for leaf movement in Col-0, <i>prr7</i>-11 and <i>prr7-</i>11 transformed with either <i>pPRR7</i>::<i>Ppd-H1</i> or <i>pPRR7</i>::<i>ppd-H1</i>.

<p>* indicates significant difference at 5% level compared to background.</p><p>The background for <i>prr7</i>-11 is Col-0. The background for the complemented lines is <i>prr7</i>-11. SEM = standard error of the mean. %Rh = Percentage of rhythmic seedlings.</p><p>Summary of circadian period estimates for leaf movement in Col-0, <i>prr7</i>-11 and <i>prr7-</i>11 transformed with either <i>pPRR7</i>::<i>Ppd-H1</i> or <i>pPRR7</i>::<i>ppd-H1</i>.</p

Over expression of <i>HvCCA1</i> causes circadian arrhythmia in Arabidopsis.

<p>Normalised delayed chlorophyll fluorescence (a) and period estimates vs R.A.E (b) for Ws-2, Col-0, <i>AtCCA1</i>-ox (<i>AtCCA1</i>-ox 038) and two independent <i>HvCCA1-</i>ox transgenic lines (n = 8). Period estimates vs R.A.E for leaf movement in LL or individual leaves Col-0 and <i>AtCCA1</i>-ox (<i>AtCCA1</i>-ox 038) (c) and Ws-2 and two independent transgenic lines of <i>HvCAA1-ox</i> (d). <i>n</i> = 30. All experiments were independently repeated at least twice. Ws-2 (closed squares), Col-0 (closed triangles) <i>AtCCA1</i>-ox (open triangles) and two independent <i>HvCCA1-</i>ox transgenic lines (8–3 and 18–1) (open squares and diamonds).</p