Characteristics of IBC cases/controls in relationship to BBDs and risk/protective factors.

<p>*UN, Unknown, not used in Chi-square test.</p><p>Abbreviations: IBC = Invasive Breast Cancer; BBDs = Benign Breast Diseases; FA = Fibroadenoma; FAC = Fibroadenomatoid Change; FCC = Fibrocystic Changes; Num. = Number; Race, AA = African American, CA = Caucasian American; Current OC use = Current oral contraceptive use; BMI = Body Mass Index; HRT = Hormonal replacement therapy; Combo = Estrogen & Progesterone.</p><p>Characteristics of IBC cases/controls in relationship to BBDs and risk/protective factors.</p

Differential co-occurrence of BBDs with IBC subtypes in reference to Control.

<p>Abbreviations: BBD = Benign Breast Disease; IBC = Invasive Breast Cancer; CI = Confidence Interval; FAC = Fibroadenomatoid Change; FA = Fibroadenoma; FCC = Fibrocystic Changes; LA = Luminal A subtype; LB-HER2- = Luminal B-HER2 negative subtype; LB-HER2+ = Luminal B-HER2 positive subtype; HER2+ = HER2 positive subtype; TN = Triple Negative subtype. Y = Yes; N = No.</p><p>Differential co-occurrence of BBDs with IBC subtypes in reference to Control.</p

Histological images of FAC, FA, and FCC.

<p>Original magnification: 200x. <b>(A)</b> FAC. Multiple miniature fibroadenoma-like nodules are intimately associated with an invasive lobular carcinoma. Unlike an FA, the lesion is microscopic and not well-defined. <b>(B)</b> A portion of a typical FA. The lesion is well-circumscribed, has a fibrous capsule, and displays proliferation of both glandular and stromal elements. The elongated, branching epithelial glands are characteristic of FA. <b>(C)</b> FCC. This section of breast tissue exhibits many elements of FCC including stromal fibrosis, microcysts, apocrine metaplasia, sclerosing adenosis, and usual intraductal hyperplasia. The patient had ductal carcinoma <i>in situ</i> on other tissue sections.</p

Co-occurrence of BBDS with IBCs.

<p>Abbreviations: BBD = Benign Breast Disease; IBC = Invasive Breast Cancer; CI = Confidence Interval; FA = Fibroadenoma; FAC = Fibroadenomatoid Change; FCC = Fibrocystic Changes; BMI = Body Mass Index; HRT = Hormonal replacement therapy; Y = Yes; N = No.</p><p>Co-occurrence of BBDS with IBCs.</p

Positive Association of Fibroadenomatoid Change with HER2-Negative Invasive Breast Cancer: A Co-Occurrence Study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Risk assessment of a benign breast disease/lesion (BBD) for invasive breast cancer (IBC) is typically done through a longitudinal study. For an infrequently-reported BBD, the shortage of occurrence data alone is a limiting factor to conducting such a study. Here we present an approach based on co-occurrence analysis, to help address this issue. We focus on fibroadenomatoid change (FAC), an under-studied BBD, as our preliminary analysis has suggested its previously unknown significant co-occurrence with IBC.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A cohort of 1667 female patients enrolled in the Clinical Breast Care Project was identified. A single experienced breast pathologist reviewed all pathology slides for each case and recorded all observed lesions, including FAC. Fibroadenoma (FA) was studied for comparison since FAC had been speculated to be an immature FA. FA and Fibrocystic Changes (FCC) were used for method validation since they have been comprehensively studied. Six common IBC and BBD risk/protective factors were also studied. Co-occurrence analyses were performed using logistic regression models.</p><p>Results</p><p>Common risk/protective factors were associated with FA, FCC, and IBC in ways consistent with the literature in general, and they were associated with FAC, FA, and FCC in distinct patterns. Age was associated with FAC in a bell-shape curve so that middle-aged women were more likely to have FAC. We report for the first time that FAC is positively associated with IBC with odds ratio (OR) depending on BMI (OR = 6.78, 95%CI = 3.43-13.42 at BMI<25 kg/m²; OR = 2.13, 95%CI = 1.20-3.80 at BMI>25 kg/m²). This association is only significant with HER2-negative IBC subtypes.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>We conclude that FAC is a candidate risk factor for HER2-negative IBCs, and it is a distinct disease from FA. Co-occurrence analysis can be used for initial assessment of the risk for IBC from a BBD, which is vital to the study of infrequently-reported BBDs.</p></div

FA and associated factors.

<p>Abbreviations: FA = Fibroadenoma; CI = Confidence Interval; HRT = Hormonal replacement therapy; Combo = Estrogen & Progesterone.</p><p>FA and associated factors.</p

FCC and associated factors.

<p>Abbreviations: FCC = Fibrocystic Changes; CI = Confidence Interval; AA = African American, CA = Caucasian American; Current OC use = Current oral contraceptive use; BMI = Body Mass Index; Y = Yes; N = No.</p><p>FCC and associated factors.</p

Differential co-occurrence of BBDs with IBC subtypes in reference to LA.

<p>Abbreviations: BBD = Benign Breast Disease; IBC = Invasive Breast Cancer; CI = Confidence Interval; FAC = Fibroadenomatoid Change; FA = Fibroadenoma; FCC = Fibrocystic Changes; LA = Luminal A subtype; LB-HER2- = Luminal B-HER2 negative subtype; LB-HER2+ = Luminal B-HER2 positive subtype; HER2+ = HER2 positive subtype; TN = Triple Negative subtype. Y = Yes; N = No.</p><p>Differential co-occurrence of BBDs with IBC subtypes in reference to LA.</p