Técnicas multivariadas na determinação da diversidade genética em gergelim usando marcadores RAPD

The objective of this work was to compare different multivariate techniques in the characterization of 35 sesame genotypes using 769 RAPD makers. Genetic distances were obtained from the arithmetic complement of the Jaccard coefficient, and were evaluated by single linkage, complete linkage and unweighted arithmetic average (UPGMA) agglomerative methods, Tocher optimization method and principal coordinate analysis. The clustering structure was altered by the different methods. Adopting the same genetic distance (0.36) as value of cut, four groups were discriminated in single linkage, 13 in complete linkage and 11 in UPGMA; the Tocher's optimization methods formed four groups. Among the hierarchical clustering methods, UPGMA showed the best adjust for estimated and originals distances (CCC = 0.89). Principal coordinates analyses confirmed the low diversity among genotypes. The highest divergence occurred between Seridó 1 and Arawaca 4 cultivars, and the minor, between VCR-101 and GP-3314 genotypes. The three first principal coordinates responded for 35.13% of the variability, and 18 autovalues were necessary to explain 81% of the genetic variation. UPGMA, Tochers' optimization and the principal coordinates analyses are complementary in the clusters formation.O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar diferentes técnicas multivariadas na caracterização de 35 genótipos de gergelim mediante 769 marcadores RAPD. As distâncias genéticas foram obtidas pelo complemento aritmético do coeficiente de Jaccard e agrupadas pelos métodos hierárquicos do vizinho mais próximo, do vizinho mais distante, das médias aritméticas não ponderadas (UPGMA), do método de otimização de Tocher e análises de coordenadas principais. O agrupamento dos genótipos foi alterado em função dos diferentes métodos usados. Adotando-se a mesma distância genética (0,36) como valor de corte, diferenciaram-se quatro grupos no método do vizinho mais próximo, 13 para o vizinho mais distante, 11 no UPGMA e quatro no Tocher. Entre os métodos hierárquicos, o UPGMA apresentou o melhor ajuste das distâncias originais e estimadas (CCC = 0,89). As análises das coordenadas principais confirmaram a baixa diversidade existente entre os genótipos. A maior divergência ocorreu entre as cultivares Seridó 1 e Arawaca 4, e a menor, entre os genótipos VCR-101 e GP-3314. As três primeiras coordenadas principais contabilizaram 35,13% do total da variabilidade, e 18 autovalores foram necessários para explicar 81% da variação genética. Os métodos UPGMA, de otimização de Tocher, e as análises de coordenadas principais são complementares na formação dos grupos

Técnicas multivariadas na determinação da diversidade genética em gergelim usando marcadores RAPD

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar diferentes técnicas multivariadas na caracterização de 35 genótipos de gergelim mediante 769 marcadores RAPD. As distâncias genéticas foram obtidas pelo complemento aritmético do coeficiente de Jaccard e agrupadas pelos métodos hierárquicos do vizinho mais próximo, do vizinho mais distante, das médias aritméticas não ponderadas (UPGMA), do método de otimização de Tocher e análises de coordenadas principais. O agrupamento dos genótipos foi alterado em função dos diferentes métodos usados. Adotando-se a mesma distância genética (0,36) como valor de corte, diferenciaram-se quatro grupos no método do vizinho mais próximo, 13 para o vizinho mais distante, 11 no UPGMA e quatro no Tocher. Entre os métodos hierárquicos, o UPGMA apresentou o melhor ajuste das distâncias originais e estimadas (CCC = 0,89). As análises das coordenadas principais confirmaram a baixa diversidade existente entre os genótipos. A maior divergência ocorreu entre as cultivares Seridó 1 e Arawaca 4, e a menor, entre os genótipos VCR-101 e GP-3314. As três primeiras coordenadas principais contabilizaram 35,13% do total da variabilidade, e 18 autovalores foram necessários para explicar 81% da variação genética. Os métodos UPGMA, de otimização de Tocher, e as análises de coordenadas principais são complementares na formação dos grupos.The objective of this work was to compare different multivariate techniques in the characterization of 35 sesame genotypes using 769 RAPD makers. Genetic distances were obtained from the arithmetic complement of the Jaccard coefficient, and were evaluated by single linkage, complete linkage and unweighted arithmetic average (UPGMA) agglomerative methods, Tocher optimization method and principal coordinate analysis. The clustering structure was altered by the different methods. Adopting the same genetic distance (0.36) as value of cut, four groups were discriminated in single linkage, 13 in complete linkage and 11 in UPGMA; the Tocher's optimization methods formed four groups. Among the hierarchical clustering methods, UPGMA showed the best adjust for estimated and originals distances (CCC = 0.89). Principal coordinates analyses confirmed the low diversity among genotypes. The highest divergence occurred between Seridó 1 and Arawaca 4 cultivars, and the minor, between VCR-101 and GP-3314 genotypes. The three first principal coordinates responded for 35.13% of the variability, and 18 autovalues were necessary to explain 81% of the genetic variation. UPGMA, Tochers' optimization and the principal coordinates analyses are complementary in the clusters formation

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data