Positions selected <i>in vivo</i> under RAL pressure in an HIV-2 integrase 3D model.

<p>3D structure of HIV-2 integrase, modelled from the Prototype Foamy Virus (PDB ID 3L2V), shown in complex with raltegravir (colored red) and DNA (colored purple). The 19 residues identified in this study as potentially associated with RAL resistance are highlighted: residues involved in major RAL resistance pathways are colored blue (92, 97, 148 and 155), and residues corresponding to minor RAL resistance mutations are colored green (44, 45, 46, 71, 84, 85, 91, 127, 151, 153, 157, 160, 163, 232 and 236). For comparison, HIV-1 active site codon positions are colored red (64, 116 and 152). The 3D structure was adapted from the pdf entry 3L2V using the JMol software (Available: <a href="http://www.jmol.org/" target="_blank">http://www.jmol.org/</a>).</p

Antiretroviral regimens, available genotypes and respective integrase mutations of the ten HIV-2-infected patients on a salvage RAL-containing regimen.

(a)<p>Mutations associated with INIs resistance in HIV-1.</p>(b)<p>Mutations of unknown impact on RAL resistance.</p><p>d4T, stavudine; 3TC, lamivudine; AZT, zidovudine; TDF, tenofovir; ABC, abacavir; FTC, emtricitabine; ddI, didanosine; IDV/r, indinavir boosted with ritonavir; LPV/r, lopinavir boosted with ritonavir; DRV/r, darunavir boosted with ritonavir; SQV/r, saquinavir boosted with ritonavir; NFV/r, nelfinavir boosted with ritonavir; ATV/r, atazanavir boosted with ritonavir; APV/r, amprenavir boosted with ritonavir; TPV/r, tipranavir boosted with ritonavir; RTV, ritonavir; FPV/r, fosamprenavir boosted with ritonavir; RAL, raltegravir; ND, not done.</p

HIV-2 integrase primers given with their positions in HIV-2 ROD indicated in parenthesis. (+, sense; −, antisense).

<p>HIV-2 integrase primers given with their positions in HIV-2 ROD indicated in parenthesis. (+, sense; −, antisense).</p

HIV-2 group A IN polymorphisms.

<p>Polymorphisms of the HIV-2 group A IN sequences from 63 treatment-naïve patients are reported with respect to the ROD reference sequence. The three different domains of IN are indicated: the N-terminal domain (AA 1–49); the catalytic core domain (AA 50–212) containing the conserved catalytic triad (DDE motif); and the C-terminal domain (AA 213–288). Positions known to confer resistance to INSTIs in HIV-1 or HIV-2 are marked with a star (*). The frequency (percentage) of each of each of the polymorphisms is indicated in brackets. Only positions where variations were detected are reported. Shannon's entropy at each variable position is indicated; an entropy value of 0 corresponds to an amino acid strictly conserved, and higher entropy values indicate more variability.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Determinants of HIV late presentation among men who have sex with men in Portugal (2014–2019): who’s being left behind?.docx

IntroductionHIV late presentation (LP) remains excessive in Europe. We aimed to analyze the factors associated with late presentation in the MSM population newly diagnosed with HIV in Portugal between 2014 and 2019.MethodsWe included 391 newly HIV-1 diagnosed Men who have Sex with Men (MSM), from the BESTHOPE project, in 17 countrywide Portuguese hospitals. The data included clinical and socio-behavioral questionnaires and the viral genomic sequence obtained in the drug resistance test before starting antiretrovirals (ARVs). HIV-1 subtypes and epidemiological surveillance mutations were determined using different bioinformatics tools. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between predictor variables and late presentation (LP).ResultsThe median age was 31 years, 51% had a current income between 501–1,000 euros, 28% were migrants. 21% had never been tested for HIV before diagnosis, with 42.3% of MSM presenting LP. 60% were infected with subtype B strains. In the multivariate regression, increased age at diagnosis, higher income, lower frequency of screening, STI ever diagnosed and higher viral load were associated with LP.ConclusionOur study suggests that specific subgroups of the MSM population, such older MSM, with higher income and lower HIV testing frequency, are not being targeted by community and clinical screening services. Overall, targeted public health measures should be strengthened toward these subgroups, through strengthened primary care testing, expanded access to PrEP, information and promotion of HIV self-testing and more inclusive and accessible health services.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Determinants of HIV late presentation among men who have sex with men in Portugal (2014–2019): who’s being left behind?.docx

IntroductionHIV late presentation (LP) remains excessive in Europe. We aimed to analyze the factors associated with late presentation in the MSM population newly diagnosed with HIV in Portugal between 2014 and 2019.MethodsWe included 391 newly HIV-1 diagnosed Men who have Sex with Men (MSM), from the BESTHOPE project, in 17 countrywide Portuguese hospitals. The data included clinical and socio-behavioral questionnaires and the viral genomic sequence obtained in the drug resistance test before starting antiretrovirals (ARVs). HIV-1 subtypes and epidemiological surveillance mutations were determined using different bioinformatics tools. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between predictor variables and late presentation (LP).ResultsThe median age was 31 years, 51% had a current income between 501–1,000 euros, 28% were migrants. 21% had never been tested for HIV before diagnosis, with 42.3% of MSM presenting LP. 60% were infected with subtype B strains. In the multivariate regression, increased age at diagnosis, higher income, lower frequency of screening, STI ever diagnosed and higher viral load were associated with LP.ConclusionOur study suggests that specific subgroups of the MSM population, such older MSM, with higher income and lower HIV testing frequency, are not being targeted by community and clinical screening services. Overall, targeted public health measures should be strengthened toward these subgroups, through strengthened primary care testing, expanded access to PrEP, information and promotion of HIV self-testing and more inclusive and accessible health services.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Determinants of HIV late presentation among men who have sex with men in Portugal (2014–2019): who’s being left behind?.docx

IntroductionHIV late presentation (LP) remains excessive in Europe. We aimed to analyze the factors associated with late presentation in the MSM population newly diagnosed with HIV in Portugal between 2014 and 2019.MethodsWe included 391 newly HIV-1 diagnosed Men who have Sex with Men (MSM), from the BESTHOPE project, in 17 countrywide Portuguese hospitals. The data included clinical and socio-behavioral questionnaires and the viral genomic sequence obtained in the drug resistance test before starting antiretrovirals (ARVs). HIV-1 subtypes and epidemiological surveillance mutations were determined using different bioinformatics tools. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between predictor variables and late presentation (LP).ResultsThe median age was 31 years, 51% had a current income between 501–1,000 euros, 28% were migrants. 21% had never been tested for HIV before diagnosis, with 42.3% of MSM presenting LP. 60% were infected with subtype B strains. In the multivariate regression, increased age at diagnosis, higher income, lower frequency of screening, STI ever diagnosed and higher viral load were associated with LP.ConclusionOur study suggests that specific subgroups of the MSM population, such older MSM, with higher income and lower HIV testing frequency, are not being targeted by community and clinical screening services. Overall, targeted public health measures should be strengthened toward these subgroups, through strengthened primary care testing, expanded access to PrEP, information and promotion of HIV self-testing and more inclusive and accessible health services.</p