Upshots of Psychological Contract Breach

The present study examined the effects of psychological contract breach on attitudinal and behavioral job outcomes including job satisfaction, intention to remain with one’s organization, perceived organizational support, and organizational citizenship behaviors. This study is based on banks and organizations of d g khan business hub Additionally, the present study also examined whether the effect of the psychological contract breach on these job outcomes varied based on the type of psychological contract an employee had (i.e., transactional or relational). A total of 30 full-time employees participated in this study. Results showed that the breach of one’s psychological contract had a significant effect on one’s job satisfaction, intention to remain, and perceived organizational support. Additionally, there was a significantinteraction between psychological contract breach and psychological contract type such that when employees experienced a breach of their psychological contract, the effect of the psychological contract breach on perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behaviors varied depending on psychological contract type

Celebrity endorsement as a physiological apparatus

Celebrities are sound recognized traits in community because of their pleasant appearance or creditability, that’s why to augment the effectiveness of their trademark and classified ad Corporation, use these superstar as their brand name endorser. Purpose of this study to conduct in D g khan is to probe the customer level demographically and how much celebrity endorsement does cast its collision on Clint buying intention demographically and show a optimistic association with marketing promotions. The foremost deliberation in current research expose approaches of people toward the celebrities stimulate them to purchase or affect their buying deeds The result show that clients show a optimistic approach towards celebrities and motivated to purchase by celebrities and also show that consumer buying behavior is pretentious by celebrity creditability

Impact of Recruitment and selection of HR Department Practices

Recruitment and selection that is a basic role in HRM something that people do regularly as a practices and also the honest in your moral principles to do work or some other activity that you do as part of your job and not for pleasure that is extremely important to get the task of organizational position where it will be most useful or have the most effect that you hope to achieve especially when much time and effort will be needed. That article help to try to find out what happened or  is the truth in the recruitment and selection that people do it regularly honest with their particular area of work or activity in which the aim is to make a profit with different levels which are presence on the organizational task with different organizations. Through questionnaire we analyze the data through the SPSS that give the result of this research. In organization development it is most important to better HRM performance

The Direct Method: A Good Start to Teach Oral Language

Language of oral is always important role in the politics and journalism foreign is used to describe people, jobs and activities to countries that are not the country of the person or government concerned process of learning. Oral proficiency in something that you show ability or skill at it are also a basic role in the language of foreign. The strategy of communication is important to oral ability. This study focus the students to communicate with each other using the target or result that you are trying to achieve in the classroom. This research focus the advantage of Direct Method to give instruction how to communicate in the language of target. Keywords: Speech, Direct Method, Target Language, Communicatio

Non-Adherence to WHO recommendations regarding infant feeding practices results in dilemma of malnourishment: A community-based prospective cohort study conducted in Karachi, Pakistan

Background: The prevalence of chronic malnutrition and its associated morbid outcomes has been a significant cause of health loss globally, affecting millions of children hampering their mental, physical, social, and immune system development. World Health Organization\u27s (WHO) recommendations presenting infant feeding guidelines have largely controlled this burden. However, developing countries including Pakistan have failed to promote these guidelines and still succumb to a huge burden of morbidity and mortality secondary to malnourishment among infants.Methodology: Our study is a prospective cohort including 300 infants without predisposing congenital anomaly, followed from 6 months to 18 months of age. The primary outcome involved was classifying patients as malnourished based on anthropometric measurements, assessing the prevalence of co-morbidities and comparison of results in compliance with WHO guidelines.Results: A total of 276 infants were included and the rest were lost to follow-up. Stratification on socioeconomic status was done; 53% of infants were diagnosed as malnourished, either due to stunted growth, underweight, or both. The odds of development of malnourishment based on non-adherence to WHO guidelines on breastfeeding were 2.87 (p=0.001). The incidence of morbid complications was higher in the malnourished group, including gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections.Conclusion: The implementation of WHO recommendations on infant feeding techniques can prove to be a pivotal instrument to control the soaring index of morbidities and mortalities associated with malnourishment. A strong focus on parental education and awareness among masses is required for its promulgation and controlling the infant health burden linked to this preventable condition

In-vitro Susceptibility of FMD Virus Serotype A Endemic in KPK, Pakistan

Foot and Mouth Disease virus (FMDV) serotype A is considered to be antigenic ally diverse among various geographical locations leading to diverse patterns of resistance and sensitivity. This phenomenon is posing high risks to global trade. This is the first study to quantify the effects of different physical factors (temperature, pH, UV and gamma irradiation) affecting the infectivity of FMDV serotype A.The infectivity of virus was calculated in term of tissue culture infectivity dose-50 (TCID-50) and plaque forming units (PFU). Virus in suspension (6×106 particles/ml) was treated using Cobalt-60 source in BHK-21 cell line grown in 96 well plates. The virus showed complete inactivation on 3, 5, 9 and 11 pH and 10kGy dose of gamma irradiations.The results revealed that increase in temperature (both moist and dry heat) and UV light as well as increase in time of exposure with same dose of UV irradiations significantly decreased the infectivity of virus (p<0.05). These physical factors are a better alternate for virus inactivation than chemicals, which are toxic for the health and accumulate in the animal products. It is recommended that viral strains should be analyzed for their susceptibility to these physical methods. They could also be combined with thermal inactivation to further improve virus inactivity to obtain virus free products.

Client Sensitivity about Celebrity Endorsement: A Study of FMCG Trademarks

Concept of this cram is based on celebrity endorsement as a tool of Clint sensitivity regarding the brand. A Primary study of 478 folks was accomplished to investigate the aspect affecting purchase intentions among FMCG consumers of Pakistan. Three Predictor variables were studied as determinants of consumers’ purchase intentions with the help of SPSS and sales volume of the FMCG products in the specific region of Punjab Pakistan and found to have a positive association with purchase intentions while using a celebrity endorsement. This study will lead the marketers towards new dimensions of the branding and advertisement. This study helps us to understand the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement and arrive at a meaningful conclusion. Keywords: Celebrity endorsement, Brand image, Brand loyalty, Purchase intention

KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF SELF-MEDICATION AMONG HEALTHCARE AND NON-HEALTHCARE STUDENTS OF LAHORE, PAKISTAN

Introduction: Self-medication is regarded as the system of taking medicines without the consultation of licensed medical practitioner. Self-medication leads to irrational use of medical drugs which is hazardous for health. The prevalence of this crucial issue is rapidly increasing worldwide. The present study was aimed to access the pattern of self-medication trends in healthcare students and non-healthcare students of Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey based observational study has been conducted to access the knowledge along with the attitude of medical and non-medical students regarding self-medication. The study settings included different universities and medical colleges of Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 301 students from medical department and other departments were included in the study. A validated self-medication assessment questionnaire was used to access the knowledge along with attitude pattern of self-medication among healthcare students as well as non-healthcare students. Results: The findings of the present study presented that medical students are more aware of the potential side effects and adverse reactions of the self-medicated drug as compared to the non-medical students. Whereas, trends of self-medication was observed to be slightly higher in healthcare students as compared to the non-healthcare students. Moreover, the frequency of antibiotic use was comparatively more frequent in medical students as compared to the non-medical graduates. Whereas, the use of painkillers without prescription was more prevalent in non-medical students as compare to the medical graduates. Conclusion: There has been a significant difference in knowledge of healthcare students and non-healthcare students of Lahore, Pakistan. Although both healthcare and non-healthcare students have high prevalence of self-medication but differences have been observed in case of drugs taken. Healthcare students practice self-medication more as compared to the non-health-care students.                        Peer Review History: Received: 10 November 2022; Revised: 18 December; Accepted: 5 January 2023, Available online: 15 January 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected] Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected] Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected] Similar Articles: ANTIMICROBIALS SELF MEDICATION AMONG PARAMEDICAL STUDENTS IN A NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY ANTIBIOTICS KNOWLEDGE AND THEIR USES AGAINST VARIOUS DISEASES AMONG THE DORMITORY STUDENTS OF A RESIDENTIAL UNIVERSITY IN BANGLADESH: A PILOT STUD

EXTENT OF HEPATOTOXICITY OF ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS DRUGS USED IN PAKISTAN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Introduction: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease with high rates of infection and mortality throughout the world, but its spread is greater in developing countries, and its control is difficult. It is known that the most common side reaction of drug treatment for tuberculosis is hepatotoxicity resulting from the drugs, which negatively affects adherence to treatment as a result of patients not continuing to use it. Objective:This study aimed to determine the extent of hepatotoxicity as a result of drug treatment for tuberculosis. Methods: The study is a cross-sectional study conducted on TB patients undergoing TB treatment in a general hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan. A data collection form was used to obtain demographic and treatment data. The hepatotoxicity of TB drug therapy was evaluated by performing liver function tests (LFTs).Study duration was of 4 months. Results: The study showed that out of 100 tuberculosis patients, 55 patients were hepatotoxic. Hepatotoxic population includes 26% males and 29% females including almost 10% children either male or female. The maximun hepatotoxicity was observed in the patients undergoing combination therapy. Around 3-5 % patients showed that the Serum-GlutamicPyruvic-Transaminase (SGPT) values more than 2 times of their normal values. While other 50% showed hepatotoxicity 1-2 times of their normal values. Most of the patients found were in the age group  ranging from 35-60 years. The main drugs used in tuberculosis treatment were: Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutal. Conclusion:The rate of hepatotoxicity in TB patients on anti-TB treatment was high. The current study concluded that the more we move towards a greater number of drugs in combination, the greater the extent and chance of hepatotoxicity. The combination of three anti-tuberculosis drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide) resulted in maximum hepatotoxicity.                         Peer Review History: Received: 21 August 2023; Revised: 18 September; Accepted: 19 October, Available online: 15 November 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, [email protected] Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Owanaro Peter, Nigeria,  Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. [email protected] Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected] Dr. Sheikh Abdul Khaliq, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan, [email protected]