191 research outputs found
ClimateNLP: Analyzing Public Sentiment Towards Climate Change Using Natural Language Processing
Climate change's impact on human health poses unprecedented and diverse
challenges. Unless proactive measures based on solid evidence are implemented,
these threats will likely escalate and continue to endanger human well-being.
The escalating advancements in information and communication technologies have
facilitated the widespread availability and utilization of social media
platforms. Individuals utilize platforms such as Twitter and Facebook to
express their opinions, thoughts, and critiques on diverse subjects,
encompassing the pressing issue of climate change. The proliferation of climate
change-related content on social media necessitates comprehensive analysis to
glean meaningful insights. This paper employs natural language processing (NLP)
techniques to analyze climate change discourse and quantify the sentiment of
climate change-related tweets. We use ClimateBERT, a pretrained model
fine-tuned specifically for the climate change domain. The objective is to
discern the sentiment individuals express and uncover patterns in public
opinion concerning climate change. Analyzing tweet sentiments allows a deeper
comprehension of public perceptions, concerns, and emotions about this critical
global challenge. The findings from this experiment unearth valuable insights
into public sentiment and the entities associated with climate change
discourse. Policymakers, researchers, and organizations can leverage such
analyses to understand public perceptions, identify influential actors, and
devise informed strategies to address climate change challenges
Fracture Response of Metallic Particulate-reinforced Cementitious Composites: Insights from Experiments and Multiscale Numerical Simulations
This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation into the fracture response of mortars containing up to 30% waste iron powder by volume as OPC-replacement. The iron powder-modified mortars demonstrate significantly improved strength and fracture properties as compared to the control mortars due to presence of elongated iron particulates in the powder. With a view to develop a predictive tool towards materials design of such particulate-reinforced systems, fracture responses of iron powder-modified mortars are simulated using a multiscale numerical approach. The approach implements multi-scale numerical homogenization involving cohesive zone-based damage at the matrix-inclusion interface and isotropic damage in the matrix to obtain composite constitutive response and fracture energy. Consequently, these results serve as input to macro-scale XFEM-based three-point-bend simulations of notched mortar beams. The simulated macroscopic fracture behavior exhibit excellent match with the experimental results. Thus, the numerical approach links the material microstructure to macroscopic fracture parameters facilitating microstructure-guided material design
Microstructure-guided numerical simulation to evaluate the influence of phase change materials (PCMs) on the freeze-thaw response of concrete pavements
The use of phase change materials in infrastructure has gained significant attention in the recent years owing to their robust thermal performance. This study implements a numerical simulation framework using finite element analysis to evaluate the influence of phase change materials (PCMs) on the thermal response of concrete pavements in geographical regions with significant winter weather conditions. The analysis is carried out at different length scales. The latent-heat associated with different PCMs is efficiently incorporated into the simulation framework. Besides, the numerical simulation framework employs continuum damage mechanics to evaluate the influence of PCMs on the freeze-thaw induced damage in concretes. The simulations show significant reductions in the freeze-thaw induced damage when PCMs are incorporated in concrete. The numerical simulation framework, developed here, provides efficient means of optimizing the material design of such durable PCM-incorporated concretes for pavements by tailoring the composition and material microstructure to maximize performance
MaScQA: A Question Answering Dataset for Investigating Materials Science Knowledge of Large Language Models
Information extraction and textual comprehension from materials literature
are vital for developing an exhaustive knowledge base that enables accelerated
materials discovery. Language models have demonstrated their capability to
answer domain-specific questions and retrieve information from knowledge bases.
However, there are no benchmark datasets in the materials domain that can
evaluate the understanding of the key concepts by these language models. In
this work, we curate a dataset of 650 challenging questions from the materials
domain that require the knowledge and skills of a materials student who has
cleared their undergraduate degree. We classify these questions based on their
structure and the materials science domain-based subcategories. Further, we
evaluate the performance of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 models on solving these questions
via zero-shot and chain of thought prompting. It is observed that GPT-4 gives
the best performance (~62% accuracy) as compared to GPT-3.5. Interestingly, in
contrast to the general observation, no significant improvement in accuracy is
observed with the chain of thought prompting. To evaluate the limitations, we
performed an error analysis, which revealed conceptual errors (~64%) as the
major contributor compared to computational errors (~36%) towards the reduced
performance of LLMs. We hope that the dataset and analysis performed in this
work will promote further research in developing better materials science
domain-specific LLMs and strategies for information extraction
Predicting the dissolution kinetics of silicate glasses using machine learning
Predicting the dissolution rates of silicate glasses in aqueous conditions is
a complex task as the underlying mechanism(s) remain poorly understood and the
dissolution kinetics can depend on a large number of intrinsic and extrinsic
factors. Here, we assess the potential of data-driven models based on machine
learning to predict the dissolution rates of various aluminosilicate glasses
exposed to a wide range of solution pH values, from acidic to caustic
conditions. Four classes of machine learning methods are investigated, namely,
linear regression, support vector machine regression, random forest, and
artificial neural network. We observe that, although linear methods all fail to
describe the dissolution kinetics, the artificial neural network approach
offers excellent predictions, thanks to its inherent ability to handle
non-linear data. Overall, we suggest that a more extensive use of machine
learning approaches could significantly accelerate the design of novel glasses
with tailored properties
Predicting Oxide Glass Properties with Low Complexity Neural Network and Physical and Chemical Descriptors
Due to their disordered structure, glasses present a unique challenge in
predicting the composition-property relationships. Recently, several attempts
have been made to predict the glass properties using machine learning
techniques. However, these techniques have the limitations, namely, (i)
predictions are limited to the components that are present in the original
dataset, and (ii) predictions towards the extreme values of the properties,
important regions for new materials discovery, are not very reliable due to the
sparse datapoints in this region. To address these challenges, here we present
a low complexity neural network (LCNN) that provides improved performance in
predicting the properties of oxide glasses. In addition, we combine the LCNN
with physical and chemical descriptors that allow the development of universal
models that can provide predictions for components beyond the training set. By
training on a large dataset (~50000) of glass components, we show the LCNN
outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms such as XGBoost. In addition, we
interpret the LCNN models using Shapely additive explanations to gain insights
into the role played by the descriptors in governing the property. Finally, we
demonstrate the universality of the LCNN models by predicting the properties
for glasses with new components that were not present in the original training
set. Altogether, the present approach provides a promising direction towards
accelerated discovery of novel glass compositions.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figure
- …