Smoking, Antioxidant Supplementation and Dietary Intakes among Older Adults with Age-Related Macular Degeneration over 10 Years

<div><p>We aimed to compare the micronutrient usage and other lifestyle behaviors over 10 years among those with and without age-related macular degeneration (AMD). 1612 participants aged 49+ years at baseline were re-examined over 10 years, west of Sydney, Australia. AMD was assessed from retinal photographs. Dietary data were collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Smoking status was self-reported. 56 participants had any AMD at baseline, of these 25% quit smoking at 5 years and were still not smoking at 10-year follow-up. Among participants who had below the recommended intake of vitamins A, C or E supplements at baseline, those who did compared to those who did not develop late AMD over 10 years were more likely to report vitamins A (total), C or E supplement intake above the recommended intake at 10-year follow-up: multivariable-adjusted OR 4.21 (95% CI 1.65-10.73); OR 6.52 (95% CI 2.76-15.41); and OR 5.71 (95% CI 2.42-13.51), respectively. Participants with compared to without AMD did not appreciably increase fish, fruit and vegetable consumption and overall diet quality. Adherence to smoking and dietary recommendations was poor among older adults with AMD. However, uptake of antioxidant supplements increased significantly among those with late AMD.</p></div

Association between cumulative cases of AMD and increase in consumption of fruits, vegetables (in g/day), and fish over 10 years in the Blue Mountains Eye Study.

<p>^a At or above recommended vegetable intake at BMES-3 defined as ≥375 g/day (five 75 gram serves per day) and lower intake at BMES-1 as <375 g/day</p><p>^b At or above recommended fruit intake at BMES-3 defined as ≥300 g (two 150 gram serves per day) and low intake at BMES-1 as <300 g</p><p>^c At or above recommended fish consumption at BMES-3 defined as ≥28.5 g/day (two 100 gram serves per day) and low consumption at BMES-1 as <28.5 g/day</p><p>Association between cumulative cases of AMD and increase in consumption of fruits, vegetables (in g/day), and fish over 10 years in the Blue Mountains Eye Study.</p

Association between cumulative AMD and incident antioxidant supplement usage over 10 years ^a in the Blue Mountains Eye Study, presented as adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

<p>^a Analyses included participants who were below the recommended daily intake for vitamins A, C, or E or β-carotene, and/or zinc at baseline.</p><p>^b Adjusted for age, sex, smoking, education, BMI, and receipt of pension</p><p>^c Total Vitamin A in μg retinol equivalents = retinol micrograms + (beta-carotene μg / 6)</p><p>^d Cumulative cases of early or late AMD over the 10-year follow-up</p><p>Association between cumulative AMD and incident antioxidant supplement usage over 10 years <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0122548#t002fn001" target="_blank">^a</a> in the Blue Mountains Eye Study, presented as adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).</p

Study characteristics of participants stratified by AMD status at baseline who were followed up at the 10-year follow up in 2007–9 Blue Mountains Eye Study.

<p>Data are presented as n (%) or mean (SD)</p><p>Study characteristics of participants stratified by AMD status at baseline who were followed up at the 10-year follow up in 2007–9 Blue Mountains Eye Study.</p

Regional plots of non-overlapping loci that were more significantly associated with fibrinogen in the 1000G GWA study, including variants from both the HapMap (red) and 1000G (green) GWA studies.

<p>Regional plots of non-overlapping loci that were more significantly associated with fibrinogen in the 1000G GWA study, including variants from both the HapMap (red) and 1000G (green) GWA studies.</p

Regional plot of 6p21.3, a non-overlapping locus that was more significantly associated with fibrinogen in the HapMap GWA study, including variants from both the HapMap (red) and 1000G (green) GWA studies.

<p>Regional plot of 6p21.3, a non-overlapping locus that was more significantly associated with fibrinogen in the HapMap GWA study, including variants from both the HapMap (red) and 1000G (green) GWA studies.</p

Summary of the differences between HapMap and 1000G imputation for the seven non-overlapping loci.

<p>Summary of the differences between HapMap and 1000G imputation for the seven non-overlapping loci.</p

Summary of the differences between HapMap and 1000G imputation for the 29 overlapping loci.

<p>Summary of the differences between HapMap and 1000G imputation for the 29 overlapping loci.</p

Overlapping loci that were significant in both the HapMap and 1000G GWA studies.

<p>Overlapping loci that were significant in both the HapMap and 1000G GWA studies.</p

Non-overlapping loci that were significant in either the HapMap or 1000G GWA studies.

<p>Non-overlapping loci that were significant in either the HapMap or 1000G GWA studies.</p