IL-8 induction following TLR stimulation in HBECs.

<p>Graphs depict IL-8 production at 8 h following stimulation with Poly I:C [A], CpG-C-ODN [B], CpG-B-ODN [C] and RNA40 [D] and at 24 h following R848 [E] and LPS [F]. Squares represent asthmatics, circles represent non-asthmatics. * = p<0.05, ** = p<0.01, *** = p<0.001.</p

TLR7 stimulation induced type I but not type III IFN in PBMCs.

<p>Graphs depict IFN-α protein production 8 h [A], 24 h [B] and 48 h [C] and IFN-β protein at 8 h [D], 24 h [E] and 48 h [F] post R848 stimulation. Squares represent asthmatics, circles represent non-asthmatics. * = p<0.05, ** = p<0.01, *** = p<0.001.</p

TLR7 stimulation induced type I and III IFN in HBECs.

<p>Graphs depict IFN-β protein [A], IFN-β mRNA [B], IFN-λ protein [C], IFN-λ1 mRNA [D] and IFN-λ2/3 mRNA [E] at 24 h following stimulation with R848. Squares represent asthmatics, circles represent non-asthmatics. * = p<0.05, ** = p<0.01, *** = p<0.001.</p

IL-8 induction following TLR stimulation in PBMCs.

<p>Graphs depict IL-8 production at 8 h following stimulation with PIC [A], R848 [B], LPS [C] and RNA40 [D], 24 h following PIC [E], R848 [F], CpG-C-ODN [G], CpG-B-ODN [H], LPS [I] and RNA40 [J] and 48 h following PIC [K]. Squares represent asthmatics, circles represent non-asthmatics. * = p<0.05, ** = p<0.01, *** = p<0.001.</p

IL-6 induction following TLR stimulation in PBMCs.

<p>Graphs depict IL-6 production at 8 h following stimulation with PIC [A], R848 [D], LPS [G] and LPS [K], 24 h following PIC [B], R848 [E], LPS [H] and LPS [L] and 48 h following PIC [C], R848 [F], LPS [J] and LPS [M]. Squares represent asthmatics, circles represent non-asthmatics. * = p<0.05, ** = p<0.01, *** = p<0.001.</p

TLR3 induced type I and III IFN in HBECs.

<p>Figures depict IFN-β protein [A], IFN-β mRNA [B], IFN-λ protein [C], IFN-λ1 mRNA [D] and IFN-λ2/3 mRNA [E] at 8 h following Poly I:C stimulation. Squares represent asthmatics and circles represent non-asthmatics. * = p<0.05, ** = p<0.01, *** = p<0.001.</p

Change in levels of fractalkine in BAL cells following <i>in vitro</i> infection with RV16 and RV1B.

<p>Soluble fractalkine protein was measured in cell supernatants from BAL cells obtained from (A) non-asthmatic (n = 15) and (B) asthmatic (n = 15) subjects and compared between subject groups at 8hrs post infection (C). Fractalkine mRNA expression was measured in BAL cell lysate cDNA obtained from non-asthmatic (D) and asthmatic (E) subjects. The results are expressed as mean ± SEM. Protein data were analysed by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test and mRNA by Kruskal Wallis with Dunn’s post test (**<i>P</i><0.01).</p

Change in soluble fractalkine in BAL fluid during experimental <i>in vivo</i> RV16 infection, related with upper respiratory symptom scores.

<p>Soluble fractalkine protein was measured in filtered BAL fluid collected at baseline and day 4 post RV16 infection from non-asthmatic (n = 10), mild-asthmatic (n = 11) and moderate-asthmatic (n = 14) subjects. (A) Data is presented as soluble fractalkine (pg/mL) per subject and horizontal bars for median levels for each group in BAL fluid obtained at baseline and day 4. Data were analysed within groups by Wilcoxon-matched pairs signed rank tests and between groups by Mann Whitney U test, *P<0.05. (B) Levels of fractalkine in BAL fluid on Day 4 were correlated with peak upper respiratory symptom scores for each subject infected using Pearson’s correlation (r = 0.289, <i>P</i> = 0.098).</p

Change in levels of fractalkine in PBMCs following <i>in vitro</i> infection with RV16 and RV1B.

<p>Soluble fractalkine protein was measured in cell supernatants from PBMCs obtained from (A) non-asthmatic (n = 15) and (B) asthmatic (n = 15) subjects and compared between subject groups at 8hrs post infection (C). Fractalkine mRNA expression was measured in PBMC cell lysate cDNA obtained from (D) non-asthmatic and (E) asthmatic subjects. The results are expressed as mean ± SEM. Protein data were analysed by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test and mRNA by Kruskal Wallis with Dunn’s post test (*<i>P</i><0.05, ***<i>P</i><0.001).</p