Rôle des lymphocytes iNKT dans les pathologies inflammatoires neuronales

Les cellules iNKT, une sous-population de cellules T, expriment un TCRab très conservé constitué d'une chaîne a invariante et des marqueurs spécifiques des cellules NK. Ils reconnaissent des antigènes glycolipidiques présentés par la molécule de classe I non classique CD1d et sécrètent rapidement de grandes quantités de cytokines variées, ce qui leur permet d'exercer de nombreux effets dans de diverses maladies inflammatoires ou auto-immunes. Dans l'EAE, la protection contre la maladie par les lymphocytes iNKT est associée à une infiltration des cellules iNKT doubles négatives dans le SNC et à une expression locale de CD1d. Cette protection est indépendante de l'expression de CD1d en périphérie. Dans l'ALD, autre pathologie neurodégénérative, les patients ont une fréquence réduite de lymphocytes iNKT et une expression diminuée de CD1d à la surface des cellules B. Enfin, les lymphocytes iNKT 17 étant détectés à une fréquence beaucoup plus élevée chez la souris NOD que chez la souris C57BL/6, nous avons cherché à identifier leur rôle dans le diabète de type 1.iNKT cells are a subpopulation of T cells that express a highly conserved abTCR characterized by an invariant a chain, along with specific markers of NK cells. They recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the non classical class I molecule CD1d and secrete rapidly large amounts of various cytokines, which enables them to exert numerous effects in various inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. In EAE, the prevention from the development of the disease by iNKT lymphocytes is associated with an infiltration of double negative iNKT cells in the CNS and a local expression of CDld molecule. This prevention is independent from the peripheral CD1d expression. In ALD, another neurodegenerative pathology, patients have a lower frequency of iNKT cells and a decreased expression of CD1d on the surface of B cells. Finally, we were interested in identifying the role of iNKT 17 lymphocytes in type 1 diabetes, these lymphocytes being detected in a higher frequency in NOD mice than in C57BL/6 mice.PARIS5-BU Méd.Cochin (751142101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Organic Cation Transporter 3 (Slc22a3) Is Implicated in Salt-Intake Regulation

International audienceOrganic cation transporters (OCTs) are carrier-type permeases known to participate in general detoxification functions in peripheral tissues. Previous in vitro studies have suggested that OCTs ensure Uptake2, a low-affinity, corticosteroid-sensitive catecholamine removal system, which was characterized initially in sympathetically innervated tissues. Although the presence of both Uptake(2)-like transport and most OCT subtypes has also been demonstrated in the brain, the physiological role of this family of transporters in CNS remained totally unknown. In the present work, we show that the OCT3 transporter is found throughout the brain and highly expressed in regions regulating fluid exchange, including circumventricular organs such as area postrema and subfornical organ (SFO), and in other structures implicated in the sensing of changes in blood osmolarity and regulation of salt and water ingestion. OCT3/Slc22a3-deficient mice show an increase in the level of ingestion of hypertonic saline under thirst and salt appetite conditions, as well as alterations of the neural response in the SFO after sodium deprivation, as monitored by Fos immunoreactivity. This work demonstrates that the presence of OCT3 is critical for the balanced neural and behavioral responses to environmentally induced variations in osmolarity and provides for the first time physiological evidence of the importance of OCTs for CNS function

PPILOW, a European project dedicated to welfare in Poultry and PIg Low-input outdoor and Organic production systems - Newsletter issue 4

Newsletter du projet PPILO

Fine and Predictable Tuning of TALEN Gene Editing Targeting for Improved T Cell Adoptive Immunotherapy

Using a TALEN-mediated gene-editing approach, we have previously described a process for the large-scale manufacturing of “off-the-shelf” CAR T cells from third-party donor T cells by disrupting the gene encoding TCRα constant chain (TRAC). Taking advantage of a previously described strategy to control TALEN targeting based on the exclusion capacities of non-conventional RVDs, we have developed highly efficient and specific nucleases targeting a key T cell immune checkpoint, PD-1, to improve engineered CAR T cells’ functionalities. Here, we demonstrate that this approach allows combined TRAC and PDCD1 TALEN processing at the desired locus while eliminating low-frequency off-site processing. Thus, by replacing few RVDs, we provide here an easy and rapid redesign of optimal TALEN combinations. We anticipate that this method can greatly benefit multiplex editing, which is of key importance especially for therapeutic applications where high editing efficiencies need to be associated with maximal specificity and safety

Inhibitory and facilitory actions of isocyanine derivatives at human and rat organic cation transporters 1, 2 and 3: A comparison to human α1- and α2-adrenoceptor subtypes

International audienceOrganic cation transporters (OCTs), comprising OCT1, OCT2 and OCT3 subtypes, control absorption and elimination of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds in kidney, liver and placenta. In addition, they ensure "uptake2", low-affinity catecholamine clearance in sympathetically-innervated tissue and the CNS. The prototypical OCT ligand, disprocynium24 (D24), recognises OCT3, but its actions at OCT1 and OCT2 remain unknown. Herein, together with two other isocyanine derivatives (AAC291 and AAC301) and chemically-related adrenergic agents, we evaluated actions of D24 at OCTs, monoamine transporters and alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. D24 concentration-dependently suppressed [3H]-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) transport at human (h) and rat (r) OCT1, OCT2 and OCT3 in stably transfected HEK293 cells. Interestingly, low concentrations of D24 enhanced transport by h/rOCT2, a substrate-dependent effect suppressed by inhibition of protein kinase C. AAC291 and AAC301 likewise inhibited transport by all classes of h/r OCT and at low concentrations induced even more marked increases in transport by h/rOCT2. Further, by analogy to D24, they displayed antagonist properties at halpha(1A/B/D)-adrenoceptors (Ca2+-flux) and halpha(2A/B/C)-adrenoceptors ([35S]GTPgammaS binding). They were, however, less potent than D24 at serotonin transporters ([3H]citalopram binding) and AAC291 did not bind to dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. The preferential alpha(1B)-adrenoceptor antagonist, AH11110A, the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, RWJ52353, and the adrenergic neurotoxin DSP-4 likewise affected [3H]MPP+ transport, in an OCT-subtype and species-dependent manner. In conclusion, D24, other isocyanine congeners and chemically-related adrenergic agents inhibit OCT-mediated [3H]MPP+ transport, and all drugs display significant activity at alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoceptor subtypes, expanding previous reports of promiscuity between pharmacophores recognising alpha-adrenoceptors and OCTs

Purification and Characterization of Avian β-Defensin 11, an Antimicrobial Peptide of the Hen Egg▿

Natural antimicrobial peptides are present in different compartments (eggshell, egg white, and vitelline membranes) of the hen egg and are expected to be involved in the protection of the embryo during its development and to contribute to the production of pathogen-free eggs. In the present study, we used vitelline membranes from hen (Gallus gallus) eggs as a source of avian β-defensin 11 (AvBD11). A purification scheme using affinity chromatography and reverse-phase chromatography was developed. Purified AvBD11 was analyzed by a combination of mass spectrometry approaches to characterize its primary sequence and structure. A monoisotopic molecular species at [M + H]+ of 9,271.56 Da was obtained, and its N- and C-terminal sequences were determined. We also examined posttranslational modifications and identified the presence of 6 internal disulfide bonds. AvBD11 was found to exhibit antimicrobial activity toward both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Avian beta-defensin 11: Identification, purification and characterization

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