Scatter plots of executive functions with adjusted birth weight and gestational age.

<p>Abbreviations: IED = intra/extra-dimensional shift task; SST = stop-signal task; DMS = delayed-matching-to-sample task.</p

Multiple regression coefficients for effects of birth weight and gestational age on executive functions of boys at age 6.

<p><i>Note.</i> IED = intra/extra-dimensional shift task; EDS = extra-dimensional shift; SST = stop-signal task; DMS = delayed-matching-to-sample task; SWM = spatial working memory task.</p>a<p>Logistic regression used instead of multiple linear regression.</p

Association between gestational age at birth and fractional anisotropy of the neonatal brain.

<p>The left two columns show the statistical maps for the associations between gestational age at birth and fractional anisotropy of the neonatal brain, which were obtained from voxel-based analysis. The third column shows the scatter plots of FA in the CC region (top row) and in ACR/ALIC/EC regions (bottom row) highlighted in the left panels in relation with gestational age at birth. Abbreviations: CC --- corpus callosum; ACR --- anterior corona radiata; ALIC --- anterior limb of internal capsule; EC --- external capsule.</p

Demographics.

<p>Abbreviations. SD – standard deviation; ITE – Institute of Technical Education; NTC – National Technical Certificate; GCE – General Certificate of Education.</p><p>Demographics.</p

Neonatal structural MRI and DTI atlases.

<p>Rows (A-C) respectively show the axial slices of the T2-weighted MRI, the DTI color map and fractional anisotropy (FA) atlases. The anatomical coordinates of individual axial slices are listed on the bottom of the figure.</p

Demographic information.

<p>Demographic information.</p

Boxplots of mean deformation within each anatomical region extracted from voxel-based analysis on the brain morphological shape (see Figure 2A).

<p>The significant pairwise group differences are indicated using black asterisk.</p

P-values for pairwise group comparisons on brain morphological shape and fractional anisotropy within each brain region listed in Table 3.

<p>Abbreviations: LG – lingual gyrus; PCR – posterior corona radiata; GP – globus pallidus; ALIC – anterior limb of internal capsule; CC – corpus callosum.</p><p>Model 1: deformation ∼ ethnicity + post-gestational age + body weight on the MRI day; FA ∼ ethnicity + post-gestational age;</p><p>Model 2: deformation ∼ ethnicity + post-gestational age + body weight on the MRI day + household income; FA ∼ ethnicity + post-gestational age + household income;</p><p>Model 3: deformation ∼ ethnicity + post-gestational age + body weight on the MRI day + prenatal tobacco exposure FA ∼ ethnicity + post-gestational age + prenatal tobacco exposure.</p>*<p>group difference at the significance level of 0.0083 (0.05/6; Bonferroni correction for multiple ROIs).</p><p>- analysis was not performed since no group difference was found using model 1. The significance level was chosen as 0.05/6 to correct for multiple comparisons.</p

Population group comparisons in brain morphological shape and fractional anisotropy.

<p>Population group comparisons in brain morphological shape and fractional anisotropy.</p

Statistical Maps of ethnic group difference in brain morphological shape (A) and fractional anisotropy (B).

<p>The anatomical coordinates of each axial slice are given at the bottom of each panel. Abbreviations: LG – lingual gyrus; PCR – posterior corona radiata; GP – globus pallidus; ALIC – anterior limb of internal capsule; CC – corpus callosum.</p