Housing Effect On Alcohol Consumption In A Binge Drinking Model Following Foot Shock Stress

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has wide reaching impacts, both in the United States and globally. Annually, AUD accounts for over 2 million deaths and is the leading disease risk among those ages 25 to 49. In the United States, the effects of AUD are felt on a nuclear family and larger community level. A 2017 statistic reported that approximately 10.5% of children resided with a parent who had AUD. AUD also has large mental health impacts, with alcohol use being involved in an estimated 21% of suicides. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic brought about traumatic instances of stress, mandated self-isolation, and unique alcohol-purchasing options. Moreover, the U.S. sees an average of 10,000 alcohol related driving fatalities annually, with 2021 being slightly above average at 13,384 alcohol-impaired driving fatalities. To date, COVID-19, stress, isolation, and correlated alcohol use patterns have been well reported on. Overall, the United States witnessed increased alcohol sales and consumption early in the pandemic, concurrent with many stay-at-home mandates. Literature suggests that impactful instances of stress as well as social isolation may have led to these early increases in alcohol consumption. Despite this growing literature, how alcohol consumption is driven by adverse life experiences combined with social isolation remains poorly understood due to challenges in developing models that capture this complex interaction. A primary goal of this thesis was to evaluate the ability of social isolation to modulate alcohol consumption following an adverse event. To accomplish this, I employed a well-characterized, repeated foot shock (adverse event) combined with chronic single or paired housing conditions to model social isolation. The interaction between housing condition and foot shock on ethanol consumption was explored using an established binge-drinking model, Drinking in the Dark (DID). I hypothesized that the combination of isolation and experience of repeated foot shock would lead to the highest levels of alcohol consumption as compared to paired and control groups. During DID, an effect of shock was seen in female mice only, with shocked mice consuming significantly more alcohol than not shocked. This sex effect remained through the final day of the DID procedure with no significant effect of housing. The shock effect in females seemed to dissipate by end of the DID procedure. A final day of 4-hour ethanol access following exposure to a fear-extinction paradigm for all groups revealed a significant effect of shock in males only, with not-shocked males drinking significantly more than shocked counterparts. Though results from this model did not mimic the rise in drinking levels as seen correlated with social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic, it has bridged a current gap in combination adverse event and social isolation animal models. Results from this study also surfaced some interesting sex differences that could use further studying. Insight from this study will allow for experimental alteration and refinement to better address this current model gap. Future directions of this model include alteration of the shock paradigm, alterations in housing nature, and possible introduction of previous-alcohol-exposure

Etude de l'adaptation aux milieux calaminaires chez Arabidopsis halleri (approche écologique, génétique et phénotypique)

Comprendre l évolution des espèces, et notamment l adaptation locale, est un enjeu majeur dans le contexte des changements globaux actuels. Certaines espèces végétales se développent à la fois dans des environnements présentant de fortes concentrations en zinc, plomb et cadmium (populations métallicoles, M), et sur des sols non pollués (populations non-métallicoles, NM). Ces espèces, appelées pseudo-métallophytes, montrent des caractéristiques adaptives très étudiées depuis quelques années : la tolérance et l hyperaccumulation de métaux lourds. Afin de mieux comprendre l adaptation d Arabidopsis halleri aux milieux métallifères, nous avons conduit une étude sur un ensemble de populations M et NM. Parce que l adaptation nécessite notamment des variations phénotypiques et qu elle résulte de l action de pressions de sélection caractéristiques d un milieu, nous avons utilisé une approche où écologie, phénotypage et génétique se rejoignent. Nous mettons en évidence que (1) d autres facteurs environnementaux que les métaux distinguent les populations et pourraient agir comme des pressions de sélection sur l accumulation et la tolérance au zinc, (2) séparer systématiquement les populations en M/NM ne semble pas judicieux pour étudier l adaptation locale des populations, (3) les réponses des plantes sont traits et environnement-dépendantes, (4) l architecture génétique de la tolérance au zinc est un ensemble d effets additifs et épistatiques et enfin plus globalement (5) nous suggérons que l adaptation aux milieux métallifères a évolué en réponse à de multiples pressions de sélection qui ont conduit à la mise en en place de tolérance à de multiples facteurs écologiques.In the context of global changes, understanding the evolution of species, and especially local adaptation, is a major challenge. Some species are present in polluted areas where zinc, cadmium and leab are present in high and toxic concentrations (metallicolous populations, M) but also in non-polluted areas (non-metallicolous populations, NM). They are called pseudo-metallophytes and are metal tolerant, and sometimes metal hyperaccumulating. In order to understand better the adaptation of Arabidopsis halleri to polluted areas we studied M and NM populations at a local scale. Because the adaptation implies some phenotypic variations and results from the action of selective pressures we used an ecological, phenotypical and genetical approach. We showed that (1) populations differed not only by metal concentrations but also by other environmental parameters which could act as selective pressures on zinc tolerance and accumulation, (2) separating populations in M or NM groups is not adequate to study local adaptation, (3) plant responses are trait and environmental dependant, (4) the genetic architecture of zinc tolerance is a network of epistatic and additive effects and more globally (5) we suggest that the adaptation to metalliferous environments has evolved in response to a lot of selective pressures which have led to multi-tolerance to numerous ecological factors.LILLE1-Bib. Electronique (590099901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Chloroplast DNA haplotype variation and population differentiation in Sorbus aucuparia L. (Rosaceae: Maloideae).

Intra-specific chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation was studied in Sorbus aucuparia L., an entomophilous, mid-or early successional tree producing fleshy fruits. Eight PCR-amplified fragments of the chloroplast genome were screened for restriction fragment length polymorphisms, using one or two 4 bp-cutter restriction endonucleases. cpDNA variation was investigated on two geographical scales: (1) among four regions in France and Belgium; and (2) within the Belgian region. A total of 150 individuals from six populations were analysed. Fourteen polymorphisms were detected in six of the cpDNA fragments. All polymorphisms probably resulted from insertions or deletions, and allowed the identification of 12 haplotypes. The level of genetic differentiation computed on the basis of haplotype frequencies was similar on the two geographical scales considered (G(STc) = 0.286 among regions, G(STc) = 0.259 among populations within the Belgian region). These values are much lower than those obtained in nine previously studied temperate tree species, which are all wind-pollinated, late-successional species producing dry fruits. These results might primarily be accounted for by the contrasting life history traits of S. aucuparia. In order to obtain insights into the relative contribution of pollen and seeds to gene flow, G(STc) was also compared with previously obtained G(ST) estimates based on allozyme data

Genetic characterization and mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci involved in zinc and cadmium tolerance and accumulation in Arabidopsis halleri subsp. halleri

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Exploring humanistic burden of fatigue in adults with multiple sclerosis: an analysis of US National Health and Wellness Survey data

Abstract Background This retrospective study examined the humanistic burden of fatigue in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), compared with adults without MS, using data from the 2017 and 2019 US National Health and Wellness Survey. Methods The 5-item Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS-5) was used to assess level of fatigue (MFIS-5 score <15: low fatigue [LF]; MFIS-5 score ≥15: high fatigue [HF]) in patients with RRMS. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures (Short Form 36-Item Health Survey version 2, Euroqol-5 Dimensions-5 Levels [EQ-5D-5L], Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9], Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 [GAD-7], Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-5) and treatment-related characteristics were assessed. Results In total, 498 respondents were identified as RRMS (n=375 RRMS+LF, n=123 RRMS+HF) and compared with 1,494 matched non-MS controls. RRMS+LF and RRMS+HF had significantly lower Short Form 6 Dimensions health utility, Mental and Physical Component Summary, and EQ-5D-5L scores and higher PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores, compared with matched non-MS controls (all p<0.001); scores were worse for RRMS+HF than RRMS+LF across all measures (all p<0.001). A higher proportion of RRMS+HF reported moderate-to-severe depression and moderate-to-severe anxiety, compared with RRMS+LF and matched non-MS controls (both p<0.001). Fatigue was a significant predictor of poor HRQoL across all measures (all p<0.001). Conclusions Patients with RRMS experienced lower HRQoL with higher levels of fatigue, highlighting an unmet need. Results may help to inform physician-patient communication and shared decision-making to address fatigue and its associated impact on patients’ HRQoL

Variability of zinc tolerance among and within populations of the pseudometallophyte species Arabidopsis halleri and possible role of directional selection.

We estimated the level of quantitative polymorphism for zinc (Zn) tolerance in neighboring metallicolous and nonmetallicolous populations of Arabidopsis halleri and tested the hypothesis that divergent selection has shaped this polymorphism. A short-term hydroponic test was used to capture the quantitative polymorphism present between edaphic types, among and within populations. We measured six morphological and physiological traits on shoots and roots to estimate the response of A. halleri to Zn. In order to assess the adaptive value of Zn tolerance polymorphism, we compared differentiation of quantitative traits with that of molecular markers. Zinc tolerance of metallicolous populations was, on average, higher than that of nonmetallicolous populations according to the morphological and physiological traits measured. Phenotypic variability within edaphic types was very high and mainly explained by polymorphism among individuals within populations. Genetic differentiation for photosystem II yield of leaves (a measure of photosynthetic efficiency) was greater than the differentiation for microsatellite and thus, probably shaped by divergent selection. Overall, these results suggest that, in the sampled populations, Zn tolerance has been increased in metallicolous populations through selection on standing genetic variation within local nonmetallicolous ancestral populations.Journal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tFLWINinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Genetic and microfluorescence analysis of Zn and Cd hyperaccumulation in Arabidopsis halleri

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Habitat heterogeneity in the pseudometallophyte Arabidopsis halleri and its structuring effect on natural variation of zinc and cadmium hyperaccumulation

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