Interférences cognitivo-locomotrices lors d'activités représentatives de la vie quotidienne chez les personnes âgées et les personnes ayant subi un accident vasculaire cérébral

Introduction : La capacité de pouvoir réaliser deux tâches de manière simultanée (double tâche ; DT) est régulièrement sollicitée dans notre quotidien. Elle nous permet, entre autres, de pouvoir marcher de manière indépendante et sécuritaire dans la communauté. Cependant, la réalisation d'une activité en DT peut provoquer une diminution de performance de l'une ou des deux tâches (coût de la DT). La grande majorité des études ayant exploré le phénomène de DT chez les personnes âgées et les personnes ayant subi un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) a toutefois utilisé des tâches locomotrices simples et des tâches cognitives peu écologiques (ex. soustractions, Stroop test) permettant difficilement d'extrapoler ces résultats aux activités de la vie quotidienne. Ainsi, l'objectif général de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre les interférences cognitivo-locomotrices (ICL) lors de la réalisation d'activités représentatives de la vie quotidienne chez les personnes âgées et des personnes ayant subi un AVC. Méthodologie : Afin de mieux comprendre le phénomène de DT lors d'activités représentatives de la vie quotidienne, un protocole expérimental en environnement virtuel a été développé. Lors de l'évaluation des ICL, tous les participants ont été immergés dans un environnement virtuel simulant un couloir de centre commercial, à l'aide d'un casque de réalité virtuelle (RV). Les déplacements dans l'environnement virtuel ont été réalisés à l'aide d'une plateforme omnidirectionnelle. En condition de DT, les participants devaient se déplacer dans l'environnement virtuel tout en mémorisant une liste d'achats de 5 items, délivrée au début de la tâche de marche. Deux niveaux de difficulté de tâches locomotrices et cognitives ont été utilisés. La complexification de la tâche locomotrice a été faite grâce à l'ajout d'agents virtuels devant être évités et celle de la tâche cognitive par la modification de 2 items de la liste d'achats au cours de la réalisation de la tâche. Les performances locomotrices et cognitives ont été mesurées en simple tâche (ST) et en DT. Les ICL ont été quantifiées à l'aide des coûts de la DT (% de changement des performances entre la simple et la double tâche). Ce protocole a permis d'évaluer les capacités locomotrices et cognitives en DT auprès de trois populations, c'est-à-dire les jeunes adultes en santé, les adultes en santé âgés de 55 ans et plus, ainsi que les adultes ayant subi un AVC. Résultats : Malgré leur âge et l'absence de limitations fonctionnelles, les jeunes adultes ont présenté des coûts cognitifs lors de la réalisation de la DT la plus complexe. Dans la majorité des conditions de DT, les personnes âgées de 55 ans et plus ont, quant à elles, présenté des coûts locomoteurs et/ou cognitifs. Cette étude a également démontré que les coûts locomoteurs augmentent avec l'âge, ce qui n'a pas été constaté au niveau des coûts cognitifs. Chez ces deux populations en santé, les coûts de la DT ont principalement été influencés par la complexité de la tâche cognitive. Des coûts de la DT ont également été observés chez les personnes ayant subi un AVC, dans toutes les conditions de DT à l'exception de la plus simple. Cependant, les personnes ayant subi un AVC ont présenté des coûts cognitifs dans des conditions de DT durant lesquelles les personnes en santé appariées en âge n'en ont pas présenté et la magnitude des coûts cognitifs a été plus importante chez les personnes ayant subi un AVC durant la condition de DT la plus complexe. Conclusions : La réalisation d'une DT a un effet sur les performances cognitives et/ou locomotrices, et ce, même chez les personnes ne présentant pas de limitations des fonctions locomotrices et cognitives. Des différences de patrons d'interférences ou de magnitude de coûts de la DT ont été observées en fonction de l'âge, la présence d'une lésion cérébrale ou la complexité des tâches réalisées. Ces observations soulignent l'importance d'évaluer aussi bien les performances locomotrices que cognitives lors de l'évaluation des capacités de DT. La RV semble être une modalité d'évaluation prometteuse permettant de quantifier les capacités de la DT lors de tâches représentatives de la vie quotidienne.Background: The ability to perform two tasks simultaneously (i.e dual task, DT) is regularly used in our daily lives. It enables, among other things, to walk independently and safely in the community. However, walking while performing another task may deteriorate one or both tasks' performances (DT cost). Most studies exploring the DT phenomenon in older adults and stroke survivors have used simple locomotor tasks and cognitive tasks with questionable ecological validity (e.g., subtractions, Stroop test) that make it difficult to extrapolate these results to activities of everyday life, however. Thus, the general objective of this thesis is to better understand cognitive-locomotor interferences during activities representative of daily living in elderly people and persons who have sustained a stroke. Methodology: A virtual reality-based protocol was developed to assess DT abilities during activities representative of everyday life. All participants were immersed in a virtual mall corridor using a virtual reality (VR) headset. Walking movements in the virtual environment were performed using an omnidirectional platform. In the DT conditions, participants had to move forward in the virtual environment while memorizing a 5-item shopping list, delivered at the beginning of the walking task. Two levels of difficulty were proposed in both locomotor and cognitive tasks. The locomotor task was complexified by adding a virtual agent to avoid and the cognitive task was complexified by modifying 2 items of the shopping list during the task. Locomotor and cognitive performances were measured in single task (ST) and DT. Cognitive-locomotor interferences were quantified using DT costs (% change in performance between single and dual tasks; DTC). This DT assessment protocol was used in 3 populations, i.e healthy young adults, healthy adults aged 55 years and older, and adults with stroke. Results: Despite their age and the absence of functional limitations, young adults showed cognitive DTC when performing the most complex condition. In most DT conditions, individuals aged 55 years and older, on the other hand, exhibited locomotor and/or cognitive DTC. This study also showed that locomotor DTC increased with age, which was not the case for cognitive DTC. In both healthy populations, DTC were primarily influenced by the complexity of the cognitive task. DTC were also observed in stroke survivors in all but the simplest DT conditions. Individuals with a stroke exhibited cognitive DTC in certain DT conditions in which age-matched healthy individuals did not. Moreover, the magnitude of cognitive costs was greater in stroke survivors than in healthy individuals when the most complex DT condition was executed. Conclusions: Activities in DT impact cognitive and/or locomotor performance, even in individuals who do not present any limitations in locomotor or cognitive functions. Differences in interference pattern or in DTC magnitude were observed as a function of age, presence of a brain lesion and complexity of the tasks performed. These observations highlight the importance of assessing both locomotor and cognitive performances when characterizing DT abilities. VR seems to be a promising assessment approach to quantify DT abilities during activities representative of daily life

Le 11e Congrès mondial sur l'accident vasculaire cérébral à Montréal, Canada, du 17 au 20 octobre 2018

Sans résumé

Évaluation du sens de la position du membre supérieur à l'aide d'un outil adapté aux personnes ayant subi un accident vasculaire cérébral

La proprioception est le sens qui nous permet de situer nos segments et notre corps dans l’espace. Il joue un rôle important dans la planification et l’exécution des mouvements, nous permettant de réaliser toute activité. Or, à la suite d’une lésion du système nerveux central des déficits proprioceptifs peuvent subvenir. Ces déficits ont un impact sur la rééducation motrice et sur la reprise autonome des activités du quotidien. Il est donc nécessaire de pouvoir évaluer objectivement et précisément ces déficits pour pouvoir offrir une réadaptation optimale à cette population. Actuellement, les principaux outils d’évaluation utilisés en clinique permettent uniquement d’observer la présence ou l’absence de ces déficits, sans permettre d’évaluer leur sévérité. Pour pallier à ce manque de précision de mesure, la robotique est de plus en plus utilisée. Or, les protocoles d’évaluation, utilisant cette nouvelle technologie, ne semblent pas être adéquats aux personnes présentant de multiples déficits, tel que ceux induits par un accident vasculaire cérébral. Le but de mes travaux de maîtrise était de développer, de valider et d’étudier la fidélité d’un outil permettant de quantifier le sens de la position du bras à l’aide d’un outil adapté aux personnes ayant subi un AVC. Pour ce faire la combinaison d’un exosquelette et d’un système de réalité virtuelle a été utilisée. Avant de valider ce protocole auprès d’une population ayant subi un AVC, notre étude a démontré que ce protocole d’évaluation permet de quantifier objectivement le sens de la position au niveau du coude auprès d’une population de jeunes adultes sains. La fidélité test-retest a été obtenue en comparant les scores obtenus lors de deux sessions d’évaluation espacées d’une semaine. Le protocole d’évaluation a démontré une fidélité acceptable. Des études consacrées à la validation de ce protocole d’évaluation auprès d’une population ayant subi un AVC sont en cours.Proprioception is defined as the ability to perceive body segment positions and movements in space. Proprioceptive sense is known to play a significant role for the planning and execution of movements. After a central nervous system injury, individuals present proprioceptive impairments. It is known that proprioceptive deficits had a negative impact on motor and functional recovery. Thus, it is important to objectively assess proprioception in order to provide optimal rehabilitation. At this time, the most commonly used proprioception clinical assessments have mostly the capacity to detect if proprioceptive deficits are present or not. To enable a more precise assessment, robotic systems are increasingly used. However, experimental task protocols, using this new technology, does not seem to be adapted for people presenting multiple impairments such as those induced by a stroke. The aim of this Master thesis was to develop, validate and evaluate the reliability of an assessment protocol that enables the quantification of proprioception, more specifically the position sense, of the upper limb. This assessment tool is adapted for people with a stroke. In order to reach this goal, a robotic device and a virtual reality system were used. Before using this protocol with individuals who sustained a stroke, this study demonstrated the assessment protocol capacity to objectively quantify elbow position sense in healthy young adults. Test-retest reliability was obtained by comparing scores from both evaluation sessions. The assessment protocol demonstrated a fair test-retest reliability. Studies are underway to validate this assessment protocol in a stroke population

Quantification of upper limb position sense using an exoskeleton and a virtual reality display

Abstract Background Proprioceptive sense plays a significant role in the generation and correction of skilled movements and, consequently, in most activities of daily living. We developed a new proprioception assessment protocol that enables the quantification of elbow position sense without using the opposite arm, involving active movement of the evaluated limb or relying on working memory. The aims of this descriptive study were to validate this assessment protocol by quantifying the elbow position sense of healthy adults, before using it in individuals who sustained a stroke, and to investigate its test-retest reliability. Methods Elbow joint position sense was quantified using a robotic device and a virtual reality system. Two assessments were performed, by the same evaluator, with a one-week interval. While the participant’s arms and hands were occluded from vision, the exoskeleton passively moved the dominant arm from an initial to a target position. Then, a virtual arm representation was projected on a screen placed over the participant’s arm. This virtual representation and the real arm were not perfectly superimposed, however. Participants had to indicate verbally the relative position of their arm (more flexed or more extended; two-alternative forced choice paradigm) compared to the virtual representation. Each participant completed a total of 136 trials, distributed in three phases. The angular differences between the participant’s arm and the virtual representation ranged from 1° to 27° and changed pseudo-randomly across trials. No feedback about results was provided to the participants during the task. A discrimination threshold was statistically extracted from a sigmoid curve fit representing the relationship between the angular difference and the percentage of successful trials. Test-retest reliability was evaluated with 3 different complementary approaches, i.e. a Bland-Altman analysis, an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and a standard error of measurement (SEm). Results Thirty participants (24.6 years old; 17 males, 25 right-handed) completed both assessments. The mean discrimination thresholds were 7.0 ± 2.4 (mean ± standard deviation) and 5.9 ± 2.1 degrees for the first and the second assessment session, respectively. This small difference between assessments was significant (− 1.1 ± 2.2 degrees), however. The assessment protocol was characterized by a fair to good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.47). Conclusion This study demonstrated the potential of this assessment protocol to objectively quantify elbow position sense in healthy individuals. Futures studies will validate this protocol in older adults and in individuals who sustained a stroke

Worldwide Survey on Digital Assistive Technology (DAT) Provision

Occupational therapists have long been involved in assistive technology (AT) provision worldwide. AT is recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) to enhance functioning, independence, and autonomy and ultimately promote well-being for people living with disabilities. With the digitalisation of societies, the everyday lives and occupations of individuals are changing, becoming more reliant on digital solutions. The development of digital assistive technology (DAT) also offers opportunities for people with disabilities to access, interact, and pilot the digital world. However, we do not know how occupational therapists are involved in DAT provision worldwide. A survey was conducted in the global occupational therapist’s community in June 2022 to describe DAT provision and the factors influencing it. Occupational therapy practitioners were included (n=660) in the analysis. In DAT provision, occupational therapists mostly provide advice to people, assess their needs, provide instruction or training, prescribe DAT, and fit DAT to people and their environment. The clients served through DAT provision are most frequently people with neurological impairments, chronic illnesses, sensory impairments, and older people. The reasons for providing DAT focus on education, work, school, and leisure. It is expected that DAT provision will enhance independence, self-esteem, occupational participation, and social relationships. Issues faced by occupational therapists when providing DAT are costs of product and funding schemes, sufficient knowledge, and access to knowledge sources. Survey respondents are mostly from Western countries with access to the Internet and the digital world, including having digital literacy, highlighting the digital divide that exists between world regions and countries, but also within countries worldwide. There is a need to continue research to better understand the issues related to digitalisation and the digital participation of people living with disabilities

Development of a virtual reality-based intervention for community walking post stroke ::an integrated knowledge translation approach

Purpose. To develop a virtual reality (VR) based intervention targeting community walking requirements. Methods. Two focus groups each involving 7 clinicians allowed exploring optimal features, needed support and perceived favorable/unfavorable factors associated with the use of the VR-based intervention from the clinicians’ perspective. Three stroke survivors and 2 clinicians further interacted with the intervention and filled questionnaires related to acceptability and favorable/unfavorable perceptions on the VR intervention. Stroke participants additionally rated their perceived effort (NASA Tax Load Index), presence (Slater-Usoh-Steed) and cybersickness (Simulator Sickness Questionnaire). Results. Results identified optimal features (patient eligibility criteria, task complexity), needed support (training, human assistance), as well as favorable (cognitive stimulation, engagement, representativeness of therapeutic goals) and unfavorable factors (misalignment with a natural walking pattern, client suitability, generalization to real-life) associated with the intervention. Acceptability scores following the interaction with the tool were 28 and 42 (max 56) for clinicians and ranged from 43 to 52 for stroke participants. Stroke participants reported moderate perceptions of effort (range:20-33/max:60), high levels of presence (29-42/42) and minimal cybersickness (0-3/64). Conclusion. Findings collected in the early development phase of the VR intervention will allow addressing favorable/unfavorable factors and incorporating desired optimal features, prior to conducting effectiveness and implementation studies. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION. This study presents the development process of a new virtual reality (VR) intervention for community walking and participation in stroke survivors. Results from the focus group and hands-on pilot trial suggest that the VR intervention is feasible and accepted by clinicians and stroke survivors. Addressing favorable/unfavorable factors and incorporating features desired by clinicians in the development of the VR tool should promote its eventual implementation in clinical setting