N. Scott Momaday: a postmodern rebel with a cause?

Tous les textes de N. Scott Momaday insistent sur le caractère déroutant de la tradition orale ancestrale, cette langue “mineure” archaïque qui traverse en profondeur les récits tribaux écrits en langue anglaise. Ce langage souterrain est la reconstruction imaginaire d’une “non réalité” - au sens où le souvenir n’est qu’une image de ce qui fut un temps réel - et en cela, il est clairement postmoderne. Apparemment absurde, intérieure et fuyante lorsqu’elle demeure non déchiffrée, la tradition orale offre une autre vision de ce monde là, la vision d’une autre monde. The Way to Rainy Mountain est l’ouvrage de Momaday le plus potsmoderne du fait même qu’il se construit sur la tradition orale, mais c’est également une magistrale démonstration de la manière dont les littératures amérindiennes parviennent en fait à dépasser le substrat postmoderne lorsque béances et fragments de la mémoire sont comblés par l’imaginatio

The Destruction and Impossible Reconstruction of Family Links in Crossing the River by Caryl Phillips

This article examines questions of kinship and family in Caryl Phillips’s novel Crossing the River from the perspective of the impact of slavery on the family and on gender roles. It explores the problematic status of both the father and the mother in a system in which the Master played the role of the symbolic father and women were “de-maternalized,” in other words deprived of their traditional functions as caring and protective mothers. It furthermore raises the question of gender representations, arguing that in Phillips’s vision of the “Black Atlantic,” women succeed in crossing borders that are emotional and psychological, while men’s voyages are concrete and pragmatic. It also explores the possibility of surrogacy as an answer to the destruction of the family and suggests that in this respect also it is male bonding that dominates Phillips’s vision of the diasporic community

Kevin J. Kayes. Poe and the Printed Word.

Kevin Hayes est Associate Professor à l’université d’Oklahoma. Spécialiste de culture américaine, il a publié de nombreux ouvrages sur le livre et sur le monde de l’édition aux Etats-Unis, en particulier A Colonial Woman’s Bookshelf (1996) ou Folklore and Book Culture (1997). Il s’est également intéressé à certains écrivains canoniques américains comme Melville, auquel il a consacré trois ouvrages, et Henry James. L’ouvrage qui nous intéresse ici réunit en fait les deux centres d’intérêt de ..

Factors affecting outcomes in Crohn's disease over 15 years

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Fungal microbiota dysbiosis in IBD.

International audienceThe bacterial intestinal microbiota plays major roles in human physiology and IBDs. Although some data suggest a role of the fungal microbiota in IBD pathogenesis, the available data are scarce. The aim of our study was to characterise the faecal fungal microbiota in patients with IBD. Bacterial and fungal composition of the faecal microbiota of 235 patients with IBD and 38 healthy subjects (HS) was determined using 16S and ITS2 sequencing, respectively. The obtained sequences were analysed using the Qiime pipeline to assess composition and diversity. Bacterial and fungal taxa associated with clinical parameters were identified using multivariate association with linear models. Correlation between bacterial and fungal microbiota was investigated using Spearman's test and distance correlation. We observed that fungal microbiota is skewed in IBD, with an increased Basidiomycota/Ascomycota ratio, a decreased proportion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and an increased proportion of Candida albicans compared with HS. We also identified disease-specific alterations in diversity, indicating that a Crohn's disease-specific gut environment may favour fungi at the expense of bacteria. The concomitant analysis of bacterial and fungal microbiota showed a dense and homogenous correlation network in HS but a dramatically unbalanced network in IBD, suggesting the existence of disease-specific inter-kingdom alterations. Besides bacterial dysbiosis, our study identifies a distinct fungal microbiota dysbiosis in IBD characterised by alterations in biodiversity and composition. Moreover, we unravel here disease-specific inter-kingdom network alterations in IBD, suggesting that, beyond bacteria, fungi might also play a role in IBD pathogenesis

Poe Translated by Baudelaire: The Reconstruction of an Identity

In her paper, Poe Translated by Baudelaire: The Reconstruction of an Identity, Anne Garrait-Bourrier argues that Poe and Baudelaire seem to have developed what could be described as a father-son or teacher-student relationship. Baudelaire devoted half of his life to the translation into his mother tongue of Edgar Allan Poe\u27s tales and the other half to the creation of poetry which was inspired, to say the least, by the American writer. Garrait-Bourrier proposes that the influence Poe exerted is undeniable and particularly manifest in Les Fleurs du Mal, so akin to Poe\u27s spirit of spleen and the systematic deconstruction of the romantic tenets that many scholars and critics have been suspicious about this intellectual similarity. Garrait-Bourrier refers to the fact that Baudelaire admitted openly that Poe had a discernible impact on his own work but that he systematically rejected any accusation of plagiarism. The purpose of Garrait-Bourrier\u27s study is to come to a better understanding of this very unusual literary relationship and try to define it

« Scriptibilité du temps et maîtrise de l’oral dans la littérature améridienne : l’exemple de Momaday »,

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Poe/Baudelaire : de la traduction au portrait littéraire ?

International audiencePoe’s work has always been considered in a surprisingly original way by American literary critics. Scholars in translation, compared literature or text-analysis have lately detected in Poe’s text a talent for creativity and modernity that his contemporaries had ignored, influenced as they were by Rufus Griswold’s biased and derogatory portrayal of Poe. Poe’s tales had to cross the Atlantic to reach a well-deserved posthumous intellectual recognition in the late XIXth century.As there were at least two Edgar Allan Poe(s), an American one and a more European one, subtly portrayed by Charles Baudelaire’s translations into French, it is quite interesting to try to see –through and beyond these different characterisations- who Poe really was and whose work we really look into when we read Poe’s translations.Auteur au parcours atypique dans l’histoire littéraire américaine, son œuvre – qu’elle soit originale, traduite ou encore sans doute, dans une large mesure réécrite par d’autres – a été la source d’inspiration de nombreux travaux de recherche en littérature comparée, en traductologie, en psychanalyse mais aussi depuis peu en culture et civilisation. Ce récent retour en grâce d’un Poe soudain érigé en figure pop indique s’il en était besoin que les Etats-Unis ont enfin pardonné à Poe un avant-gardisme intellectuel qui l’avait arbitrairement placé après sa mort soit parmi les mauvais écrivains, soit parmi les dépravés du Vieux Monde. C’est sans regrets aucuns, et ce grâce en raison du dénigrement de Rufus Griswold, que les milieux intellectuels américains avaient alors laissé l’œuvre de Poe traverser l’Atlantique pour vivre une seconde vie posthume en Europe. Puisqu’il y eut donc au moins deux Poe, Poe l’Américain, et Poe l’Européen, il était important pour nous ici de tenter de tisser un portrait juste du vrai Poe à travers le miroir sans nul doute quelque peu déformant que nous tend celui qui le premier s’empara de son œuvre, non pour la renier - ce qui fut le projet unique de l’exécuteur testamentaire de Poe – mais bien pour en jouir, se l’approprier et la transmettre, j’ai nommé Charles Baudelaire

Introduction

Ce numéro de La Revue LISA/LISA e-journal se concentre sur la valeur et l’authenticité du témoignage historique lorsqu’il est véhiculé par une forme littéraire subjective, qu’il s’agisse du témoignage autobiographique né de l’expérience vécue ou bien de l’interprétation subjectivée du témoignage par la fiction littéraire.Le champ scientifique que cette thématique se propose de couvrir est celui des études culturelles américaines des XIXe et XXe siècles directement en lien avec les écritures d..

Valeur du témoignage et du code chez N. Scott Momaday

Scott Momaday is a Kiowa-born American writer. As a storyteller, he conveys through his writing his own Indian heritage. To do so he uses varied generic forms such as poetry, painting and autobiographical narratives. What he actually conveys, more than this mythical and traditional background, is a very original and genuine mode of writing, a new literary genre based on codes to be deciphered. Momaday’s text can be read through different angles: the mythical one, the classical anglo one, and a more personal and unifying approach rooted in the imagination of the writer himself