Student hand cleaning rates (% of toileting events) and duration captured by in-person structured observation <i>versus</i> video observation.

<p>*p<0.05.</p>φ<p>Rate-ratios (RR) and p-values reported for Poisson regression analysis of rate differences between video and in-person data, while controlling for the individual school at which the data were collected.</p

Hand cleaning rates (% of toileting events) when the subject was observed to be alone in the video frame <i>versus</i> when other students were present in the frame, as captured by video surveillance.

<p>Hand cleaning rates (% of toileting events) when the subject was observed to be alone in the video frame <i>versus</i> when other students were present in the frame, as captured by video surveillance.</p

Average rate of hand cleaning (% of toileting events) captured by video surveillance preceding and during in-person observation (days with concurrent video/in-person observation only).

<p>Average rate of hand cleaning (% of toileting events) captured by video surveillance preceding and during in-person observation (days with concurrent video/in-person observation only).</p

Still frame from a camera positioned above a handwashing with soap station next to a latrine (door is open).

<p>Still frame from a camera positioned above a handwashing with soap station next to a latrine (door is open).</p

Hand cleaning rates (% of toileting events) captured by video surveillance data (left), and by in-person observation (right).

<p>Simultaneous monitoring refers periods when in-person observation and video surveillance were conducted concurrently.</p><p>*p<0.05.</p>φ<p>Rate-ratios (RR) and p-values reported for Poisson regression analysis of rate differences between simultaneous and independent monitoring, while controlling for the individual school at which the data were collected.</p

Proportion of student toileting events followed by hand cleaning, shown by number of other people present at the hand cleaning station (visible within the camera view frame).

<p>Error bars show standard error of the mean.</p

Schematic of study design.

<p>Number of toileting events captured on video surveillance (N_V) and through in-person observation (N_P), during independent (single-method) <i>versus</i> simultaneous monitoring periods.</p