Genomic signatures of selection in cattle through variation of allele frequencies and linkage disequilibrium

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of artificial selection on Slovak Spotted and Slovak Pinzgau genomes through identification of selection signatures and to characterize most important genomic regions reflecting the selective breeding for traits of interest during the formation of those breeds. The genotyping data for in total of 236 animals were included in this study. Two approaches were used to identify genomic footprints of selection: Wright\u27s FST statistic and variation in genome-wide linkage disequilibrium patterns between selected populations. Based on applied methods, in total of 18 genomic regions under strong selection pressure were detected across 10 autosomes (BTA 4, MTA5, BTA6, BTA7, BTA11, BTA12, BTA20, BTA22, and BTA23). The longest region was identified on BTA6 close to genes affecting milk production and coat colour pattern, while the shortest one was found on BTA11. In addition, inside the identified regions some of the other genes affecting the milk production traits (casein family, HAL, IGF1, ABCG2, SPP1), carcass traits and body composition (MYBPC1, MYH9, PACRGL), reproduction (AMDHD1), temperament (SNRPF), and coat colour (KIT, KDR) were found. Because of this, all of the detected regions can be attributed mostly to improvement of milk production and muscle development, thus selection for dual-purpose performance

Determination of the efficient enzyme concentration for lytic digestion of vegetative cells but not spores in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Received: 2016-05-24 | Accepted: 2016-05-30 | Available online: 2017-06-20http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2017.20.01.20-22The fact that lytic enzymes such as b-glucuronidase are capable of cell wall lysis, while the integrity of the spore is not affected, is used in the spore viability tests to investigate meiotic processes. Meiosis as a fundamental feature in all living organisms comprises of a complex tightly linked and mutually dependent processes most of which are scientific targets of many research institutions. The fission yeast Shizosaccharomyces pombe is a powerful tool for studies on eukaryotic meiosis. Mating of yeast strains of opposite mating types on nitrogen free medium results in spores production. Whereas not all cells undergo meiosis, some cells persist in vegetative stage even in the absence of nitrogen, this leads to generation of a mixed suspension of vegetative cells and spores. Thus, in order to separate spores from vegetative cells obtained mixture was exposed to lytic enzyme action. This treatment kills vegetative cells without affecting spores. To obtain the best and reproducible results of spore recovery and viability, different lytic conditions were analysed. Obtained results show, that use of b-glucuronidase as lytic enzyme for random spore analyses in the fission yeast is dose and time dependent.Keywords: b-glucuronidase, cell cycle, spore viability, Schizosaccharomycesn pombeReferences BAHALUL, M., KANETI, G. and KASHI, Y. (2010) Ether–zymolyase ascospore isolation procedure: an efficient protocol for ascosppores isolation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. Yeast, vol.27, no.12, pp.999–1003. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.1808DAWES, I.W., HARDIE, I.D. (1974) Selective killing of vegetative cells in sporulated cultures by exposure to diethyl ether. Mol Gen Genet, vol.131, no. 4, pp. 281–289. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264859DONOVAN, D.M., KERR, D.E. and WALL, R.J. (2005) Engineering disease resistant cattle. Transgenic Res, vol. 14, pp. 563–567. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11248-005-0670-8KHARE, A. K., SINGH, B., and SINGH, J. (2011) A fast and inexpensive method for random spore analysis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Yeast, vol. 28, pp. 527–533. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.1855MORENO, S., KLAR, A. and NURSE, P. (1991) Molecular genetic analysis of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Methods Enzymol, vol. 194, pp. 795–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(91)94059-LPARENTI-CASTELLI G, et al. (1974) Effect of soluble and membrane proteins upon diethyl ether extraction of aqueous phospholipid dispersions. Lipids, vol.9, pp.221–228. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02532197SALAZAR, O. and ASENJO, J.A. (2007) Enzymatic lysis of microbial cells Review Biotechnology Letters, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 985-994. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529-007-9345-2SMITH, G.R. (2009) Genetic Analysis of Meiotic Recombination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe Methods Mol Biol., vol. 557, pp. 65–76. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-527-5_6YANG, Y.G, et al. (2000) The application of a novel lytic system to the recovery of recombinant proteins in E. coli. Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao (Shanghai) Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 211–216.ŽUKAITE, V. and BIZIULEVIČIUS, G.A. (2000) Acceleration of hyaluronidase production in the course of batch cultivation of Clostridium perfringens can be achieved with bacteriolytic enzymes. Lett Appl Microbiol, vol. 30, pp. 203–206. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00693.

Rabbit myostatine gene polymorhism (c.747+34C>T and c.194A>G) as a marker for meat production

Myostatin gene (MSTN or GDF-8) affects both, the amount and composition of muscle fibers. MSTN plays a key role in muscle growth and it has applications in breeding and animal husbandry. Polymorphic variants of this gene are associated with growth rates and carcass yield of different species. This study is focused on two single nucleotide polymorphisms: MSTN SNP c.747+34C>T and MSTN SNP c.194A>G and their effect on selected production traits. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood. Polymorphic variants of MSTN gene were detected using PCRRFLP method. Association studies revealed significant positive effect of allele T (c.747+34C>T) and allele G (c.194A>G) on meat performances in tested rabbit population

Effect of FTO rs1121980 to Body Mass Index

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of selected polymorphism FTO rs1121980 on body mass index in humans. In the study participated 79 people from Slovakia with some genetic relatedness. We used column kit to isolate the genomic DNA from a buccal swab. Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphism rs1121980  of FTO gene was performed by amplification-refractory mutation system (ARMS). The most common genotype was found in heterozygous form (CT=0.4051). The FTO gene had increased frequency of T allele (0.50635). The least frequent genotype in FTO was CC (0.2911). According to the results we can assume that the genotype CC (FTO rs1121980) has a protective effect on the prevalence of obesity compared to the other genotypes. With adding of the anthropometric measurements, blood test and extension of the group, we could in the future increase the statistical relevance in relation to obesity.

Analysis of genetic structure in Slovak Pinzgau cattle using five candidate genes related to milk production traits

The goal of the paper was to identify genetic structure of five candidate genes for milk production in Slovak Pinzgau breed. A total of 86 mothers of bulls of Slovak Pinzgau cattle were use in this study. To genotype of cows for candidate genes we used PCR methods (PCR-RFLP, ARMS-PCR, multiplex PCR-RFLP). On the basis of PCR analyses we established genotype structure of cattle population and calculated allelic frequencies. Effectiveness of allele incidence and genetic diversity was evaluated with following parameters: theoretical heterozygosity (He exp), experimental heterozygosity (He obs), polymorphism information content (PIC), expected homozygosity (E), effective number of alleles (ENA), level of possible variability realization (V%). Slovak Pinzgau cattle exhibit the high values of heterozygosity, polymorphism information content, effective number of alleles and level of possible variability realization for genes CSN2, CSN3 and LALBA. In opposite, for genes CSN1S1 and LGB show high values of homozygosity

Prp4 kinase is required for proper segregation of chromosomes during meiosis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Chromosome segregation during meiosis is a complex process, which leads to production of four haploid gametes from two precursor cells. Reversible phosphorylation of proteins plays a crucial role in this process. The Schizosaccharomyces pombe Prp4 is an essential serine/threonine protein kinase, which belongs to the Clk/Sty family. To study the role of Prp4 in meiosis, we analysed chromosome segregation in a strain carrying conditional analog-sensitive allele of Prp4 protein kinase (prp4-as2). Our data show, that Prp4 protein kinase plays important role in chromosome segregation during meiosis, as revealed by enhanced missegregation of chromosomes in prp4-as2 mutant cells