Conflict in Nicaragua as an example of the US superpower policy

Stany Zjednoczone są obecnie supermocarstwem światowym. Do miejsca w jakim się znajdują, prowadziła skomplikowana historia wypełniona polityką i współpracą z innymi państwami. Jednymi z najważniejszych sojuszników polityki Stanów Zjednoczonych miała być Ameryka Łacińska. Celem niniejszej pracy jest przeanalizowanie historii stosunków miedzy Amerykami od momentu ich powstania do czasu Zimnej Wojny, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Nikaragui. Nikaragua w historii stosunków międzynarodowych zajmuje szczególne miejsce, którego finałem jest rewolucja nikaraguańska oraz postawa Stanów Zjednoczonych, do dziś wzbudzająca wiele kontrowersji politycznych i prawnych.The United States are currently the world's superpower. They have a complicated story filled with politics and cooperation with other countries to the place they are in. One of the most important allies of the US policy was Latin America. The aim of this work is to analyze the history of relations between the Americas from their begenning to the Cold War, with special reference to Nicaragua. Nicaragua has a special place in the history of international relations, the finale of which is the Nicaraguan revolution and the attitude of the United States, which still has much political and legal controversy

Formation of amyloid-like aggregates through the attachment of protein molecules to a Congo red scaffolding framework ordered under the influence of an electric field

This study describes a technique which makes it possible to introduce the amyloid-like order to protein aggregates by using the scaffolding framework built from supramolecular, fibrillar Congo red structures arranged in an electric field. The electric field was used not only to obtain a uniform orientation of the charged dye fibrils, but also to make the fibrils long, compact and rigid due to the delocalization of pi electrons, which favors ring stacking and, as a consequence, results in an increased tendency to self-assemble. The protein molecules (immunoglobulin L chain lambda, ferritin) attached to this easily adsorbing dye framework assume its ordered structure. The complex precipitating as plate-like fragments shows birefringence in polarized light. The parallel organization of fibrils can be observed with an electron microscope. The dye framework may be removed via reduction with sodium dithionite, leaving the aggregated protein molecules in the ordered state, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies