Od relacyjnego do transakcyjnego kontraktu psychologicznego - zmieniajacy sie paradygmat

Artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie kontraktu psychologicznego, wskazując na zachodzące zmiany w jego istocie. Prowadzone rozważania koncentrują się wokół przyczyn i kierunków przeobrażeń niesformalizowanych relacji wzajemnych oczekiwań odnoszących się do różnych aspektów sytuacji pracy oraz organizacyjnego funkcjonowania między pracownikiem a pracodawcą. Analiza literatury przedmiotu pozwoli wnioskować o powszechności zmieniającego się paradygmatu oraz o znaczeniu, jaki odgrywa dla działów HR oraz pracowników.This article examines questions dealing with the 'psychological contract,' indicating changes taking place in its essence. Consideration concentrates on the causes and directions of transformation in the informal relations of mutual expectations with respect to various aspects of the job situation and organizational employee-employer functions. Analysis of topical literature allows the conclusion that changes in the paradigm are universal and stresses the importance of this fact with respect to HR departments and the employees themselves

Analysis and evaluation of the photovoltaic market in Poland and the Baltic States

The household, industrial, and service sectors in Poland and the Baltic States have been facing ever-higher bills for their electricity consumption at a time when a number of them have been hit hard financially by the pandemic. Rising inflation, the border crisis with its set of restrictions, or the spread of the fourth wave of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, is causing strong concerns in the social and economic sphere, with significant increases in electricity prices. Many countries are implementing measures to reduce the adverse effects of rising electricity prices in response to this complex situation. The main orientation is towards obtaining energy from renewable sources, such as the sun. The current situation in the energy market determines the price per 1 KW. Among the countries under study, the price of electricity has increased the most in Poland. On the other hand, the development of the photovoltaic segment in Poland is undergoing a strong, upward trend. The above inspired the authors to explore the energy market situation in Poland and the Baltic States in the current economic conditions, along with an analysis of its development potential in light of the coronavirus pandemic. The main research problem of this study is an attempt to answer the question of what should be changed in the development of the renewable energy market in Poland, with particular emphasis on photovoltaics, to accelerate the process of reducing CO2 emissions, leading to a reduction in dramatically rising electricity prices. Which solutions implemented in the Baltic countries can inspire strengthening Poland’s energy market development? Keywords: energy market; renewable energy; electricity prices; photovoltaics; renewable energy

The natural history of untreated pulmonary tuberculosis in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Stages of tuberculosis disease can be delineated by radiology, microbiology, and symptoms, but transitions between these stages remain unclear. In a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of individuals with untreated tuberculosis who underwent follow-up (34 cohorts from 24 studies, with a combined sample of 139 063), we aimed to quantify progression and regression across the tuberculosis disease spectrum by extracting summary estimates to align with disease transitions in a conceptual framework of the natural history of tuberculosis. Progression from microbiologically negative to positive disease (based on smear or culture tests) in participants with baseline radiographic evidence of tuberculosis occurred at an annualised rate of 10% (95% CI 6·2–13·3) in those with chest x-rays suggestive of active tuberculosis, and at a rate of 1% (0·3–1·8) in those with chest x-ray changes suggestive of inactive tuberculosis. Reversion from microbiologically positive to undetectable disease in prospective cohorts occurred at an annualised rate of 12% (6·8–18·0). A better understanding of the natural history of pulmonary tuberculosis, including the risk of progression in relation to radiological findings, could improve estimates of the global disease burden and inform the development of clinical guidelines and policies for treatment and prevention