Figure S1. A Hutchinsonian biotope approach to a hypothetical host-parasite association. from Parasite vulnerability to climate change: an evidence-based functional trait approach

Despite the number of virulent pathogens that are projected to benefit from global change and to spread in the next century, we suggest that a combination of coextinction risk and climate sensitivity could make parasites at least as extinction prone as any other trophic group. However, the existing interdisciplinary toolbox for identifying species threatened by climate change is inadequate or inappropriate when considering parasites as conservation targets. A functional trait approach can be used to connect parasites' ecological role to their risk of disappearance, but this is complicated by the taxonomic and functional diversity of many parasite clades. Here, we propose biological traits that may render parasite species particularly vulnerable to extinction (including high host specificity, complex life cycles and narrow climatic tolerance), and identify critical gaps in our knowledge of parasite biology and ecology. By doing so, we provide criteria to identify vulnerable parasite species and triage parasite conservation efforts

Comparative internal and external anatomy of <i>Tyrannobdella rex.</i>

<p>(A) Whole body ventral view illustrating annulation, relative size of the caudal sucker and relative position of gonopores. (B) Eyespot arrangement illustrated dorsally. (C) Male and female median reproductive anatomy.</p

Mucosally invasive hirudinoid leeches.

<p>Known from a wide variety of anatomical sites including eyes (A) as in this case involving <i>Dinobdella ferox</i> (B), mucosal leech species, as in a case involving <i>Myxobdella annandalei</i> (C), more frequently feed from the nasopharyngeal surfaces of mammals (D).</p

Single most parsimonious tree based on combined 18S rDNA, 28s rDNA, 12s rDNA, and COI datasets.

<p>The family Praobdellidae formed a well-supported monophyletic group of leeches that exhibits a predilection for mammalian mucosa. All groups received 100 percent bootstrap support and posterior probabilities of 1.00 except as noted on the tree. Branches are drawn proportional to amount of change.</p

Genes and primer sequences used in phylogenetic analyses.

<p>Genes and primer sequences used in phylogenetic analyses.</p

Taxa used for the phylogenetic analyses, collection localities, and GenBank accession numbers.

<p>Type species of genera are indicated with an asterisk.</p

Comparative jaw morphology of <i>Tyrannobdella rex</i>.

<p>(A) Stereomicrograph of the single dorsal jaw of <i>T. rex</i> with large teeth. Scale bar is 100 µm. (B) <i>Tyrannobdella rex</i> anterior sucker exhibiting velar mouth and longitudinal slit through which the dorsal jaw protrudes when feeding. Scale bar is 1 mm. (C) Compound micrograph in lateral view of eight large teeth of <i>T. rex</i>. Scale bar is 100 µm. (D) Lateral view of jaw of <i>Limnatis paluda</i> illustrating typical size of hirudinoid teeth. Scale bar is 100 µm.</p