Prevalence of dermatophytes in interdigital spaces in HIV patients

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), both are related to higher prevalence of mycoses, especially oral candidosis, but also superficial mycoses. Fungal infections of the skin and its appendages are the most frequent dermatological complications in HIV patients and clinical manifestations of those infections are often atypical and more severe than in immunocompetent individuals. The purpose of the study was evaluation of the presence of dermatophytes in foot interdigital spaces in HIV patients in relation with various factors concerning the patient. The population under study were patients at the Infectious Diseases Clinic. The research comprised filling in questionnaires, physical examinations, evaluation of immunological status, and mycological examination of swabs from interdigital spaces. Out of the 120 HIV infected patients under study, foot skin lesions were observed in 40 cases (33.3%) while dermatophytes were isolated from 12 patients (10%). Trichophyton mentagrophytes was isolated from 7 patients (5.8%), and Trichophyton rubrum from 6 (5.0%); both of the species were isolated from 1 patient. The prevalence of dermatophytes did not depend on the patient’s sex, sexual orientation, CD4 cells count, HCV co-infection, antiretroviral therapy nor clinical manifestations on the feet. The prevalence of dermatophytes in foot interdigital spaces in HIV patients amounted to 10% (similarly as in imunocompetent individuals) and did not depend significantly on any of the factors tested. It appears that contact with the fungi is the main factor responsible for infection

Objectives, tasks and organisation of simulation company

Artykuł zawiera informacje o firmie symulacyjnej, utworzonej decyzją rektora Małopolskiej Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Tarnowie, będącej integralną częścią tej Uczelni. Autorka przedstawia genezę i organizację firm symulacyjnych, kadrę dydaktyczną i ocenę pracy studenta.For a few years we have observed the process of development of the simulation companies. On the one side they can enrich the offer of different educational units. On the other side, they serve to make the existing, traditional model of economic studies more attractive and complete it with the education of practical professional skills. Thriving of the simulation companies is caused by many reasons, mainly related to the transformation of the political and legal systems in our country. Free market and competition evoked the sudden demand for the well-educated, modern managers who can cope with the requirements set forth by the state undergoing the transformation process. The dynamic Polish economy needs the specialists who posses not only broad theoretical background but also hands-on knowledge of modern techniques implementation. All those factors require of the educational units, especially economy high schools, to look for such education methods that will be able to meet market needs and make their educational offer more attractive. Simulation company is to be an image of the authentic economic unit where all office and commercial operations are identical as those carried out in a real company except from product (service) and money which are fictitious. Such a company will allow, already at the high school level, for the completion of the student's knowledge with the education of the practical economic activities

Koncepcje kształcenia kadr dla potrzeb administracji publicznej jako element polityk państwa

Concepts for the Education and Training of Public Administration Personnel as an Aspect of State PoliciesThe premise of this study is that it is in the state’s interest to create acorps of officials that will be able to effectively serve the authorities by accomplishing the political, economic or social ideas conceived of by the state. It has been shown that regardless of the historical period, political-economic system or development status, a democratic state pursues aconscious policy on training and other requirements for public officials, thus affecting the level of human resources, their qualications and rules for their selection

The objectives of legal education in non-law universities

Funkcjonowanie w Polsce licznych uczelni publicznych i niepublicznych kształcących w zakresie szeroko rozumianych nauk ekonomicznych czy społecznych wiąże się z faktem wprowadzenia do programów studiów określonych kierunków bądź specjalności przedmiotów prawniczych. Tym samym edukacja prawna pojawia się na kierunkach nieprawniczych jako dopełnienie kształcenia ekonomicznego albo jako kształcenie wiodące na innych kierunkach, np. na administracji. Znajomość prawa jest koniecznością dla każdego obywatela, ale jej znaczenie wzrasta szczególnie w przypadku osób, które pełnią rolę samodzielnych decydentów zarówno w gospodarczych jednostkach organizacyjnych, jak i w organach państwowych i samorządowych, których kompetencje wiążą się z procesami gospodarczymi.The operation of numerous public and private universities educating in broadly defined economic or social sciences is due to the fact of entering of legal subjects into study programs of particular fields or majors. Thus, the legal education appears also in non-law subjects as a supplement to economic education or as leading education in other fields, such as administration. The knowledge of law is a necessity for every citizen, but its importance increases particularly in the cases of people, who act as independent policy makers in both economical and organisational units as well as state and local authorities, whose responsibilities are associated with economic processes

Nietypowe formy zatrudniania i możliwość ich wykorzystania w praktyce

Entrepreneurs, in order to assure development and retain their position on a highly competitive market, are forced to continuous searching for and implementing new solutions on the organisational, structural or technological levels. The adopted management method and human resources policy in a company, as well as using non-standard or flexible forms of employment, which can be nowadays considered as one of the key factors in decreasing the labour costs and adjusting the amounts of paid work to current needs, are not without influence on the financial results. It is clearly visible that full-time employees are the least profitable for employers due to high personal costs consisting in not only the paid remuneration, but also half of the insurance premiums from these amounts, premiums for earmarked funds, premiums for insurance from accidents and additional costs. New forms of employment in the literature on the subject are described as atypical, alternative, non-standard or flexible forms. The point of reference is always the code model, according to which the employees should perform their work subordinated, managed by the employer and for the employer, on the average for 40 hours in a 5-day working week, in a place and time indicated by the employer. An approach may be distinguished in the literature saying that every deviation from one of the model’s elements, e.g. time of work or place of performing it, will lead to atypical form of employment in its wide sense. The narrowed down meaning of new forms of employment is understood differently, and is connected withthe statement that some forms of employment have been practiced for some time and acknowledged as relatively frequent, and, therefore, should not be considered new, as they have established their position in practice and no longer bear the mark of a “novelty.” It is first of all connected withperforming work in other work time systems than the basic one or other than the full-time work model. Decisions on if and which of the non-standard forms of employment are to be implemented are made by the employer, who, in most cases, is an entrepreneur interested in reducing employment costs while assuring a high level of performance and quality of the work. In this respect, the employer may use the following possibilities: • to confide the work to be done at home – tele-work, home-based work, • labour leasing, i.e. employing part-time employees, • work-sharing, • job-sharing, • cooperation on the basis of civil-law contracts, • managerial contract, • cooperation withthe self-employed, • employing the unemployed on the basis of internship contracts, • outsourcing. Additional possibilities that can translate to measurable financial benefits are connected withthe work time systems, i.e. flexible employment. Specifically, they involve: • shortened working week, • weekend work system, • intermittent work system

Corrosional pits in Koziarnia George (Ojców National Park)

The inventory of corrosional structures, called pits, was conducted in the area of the Ojców National Park. The structures in question were formed on the surfaces of crags built of massive limestone of Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) age. The most characteristic features of the pits are irregular morphology, size of the pits, as well as their hierarchical arrangements

Protection of rare and threatened species vascular plants in the Bieszczady National Park - case studies of selected species

W celu przedstawienia zagrożeń i pożądanych środków zapobiegawczych dla rzadkich i zagrożonych gatunków roślin naczyniowych na terenie Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego, dokonano charakterystyki populacji 14 gatunków: Silene dubia, Aconitum bucovinense, Dianthus carthusianorum subsp. saxigenu, Delphinium elatum subsp. nacladense, Arnica montana, Seslerii bielzii, Phyteuma orbiculare, Polygonum viviparum, Rhodiola rosea, Anemone narcissiflora, Carex rupestris, Iris sibirica, Carex pauciflora. Gatunki opisano w oparciu o dostępne opracowania monograficzne na temat Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego. Do lokalizacji stanowisk przyjęto założenia metodyczne „Atlasu rozmieszczenia roślin naczyniowych w Polsce”. Największymi zagrożeniami dla opisywanych gatunków są: sukcesja naturalna, ruch turystyczny, małą liczebność populacji oraz losowa ekstynkcja. Aby zapobiec wyginięciu, populacje podlegają ochronie biernej i czynnej. Prowadzony jest m.in. monitoring populacyjny, uprawa ex situ, reintrodukcja.In order to present the threat and conservation measures for rare and threatened vascular plant species in the Bieszczady National Park, the characteristics of the population of fourteen endangered species are given, namely: Silene dubia, Aconitum bucovinense, Dianthus carthusianorum subsp. saxigenu, Delphinium elatum subsp. nacladense, Arnica montana, Seslerii bielzii, Phyteuma orbiculare, Polygonum viviparum, Rhodiola rosea, Anemone narcissiflora, Carex rupestris, Iris sibirica, Carex pauciflora. The species were described basing on the available monographs on the Bieszczady National Park. The biggest threats to the species described are: natural succession, tourism, small population size and random extinction. To avoid extinction, the populations are protected in passive and active way. Population monitoring is carried out as well as ex situ cultivation and reintroduction

Corrosional structures in Upper Jurassic massive limestone in selected areas of the Ojców National Park

Niniejsza praca dotyczy struktur korozyjnych (wżerów) powstających na powierzchniach wapieni skalistych górnej jury w obrębie Ojcowskiego Parku Narodowego. Największe nagromadzenie wżerów stwierdzone zostało w Wąwozie Koziarnia. Bazując na obserwacjach wytypowano cztery stanowiska o spektakularnej liczbie wżerów, a tym samym ukazujące wyjątkowość zachodzących tutaj procesów. Charakterystyka wżerów pozwoliła na wyróżnienie wśród nich czterech typów (A, B, C, D). Analiza rozmieszczenia wżerów na powierzchniach ścian skalnych ukazała największe nagromadzenia w dolnych partiach skał. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły na wysunięcie i omówienie hipotez wskazujących na rozwój wżerów: 1.na odkrytych ścianach skalnych,2.pod lokalnymi, izolowanymi kępami roślinności,3.pod pokrywami glebowymi.This paper deals with the corrosional structures (pans) formed on the surfaces of rocky limestone (Upper Jurassic) within Ojcowski National Park. The highest accumulation of pans was detected in Koziarnia Gorge. It identified four investigation plot with spectacular number of pans, thus showing the uniqueness of the processes taking place here. Characteristics of pans allowed to distinct four types of pans (A, B, C, D). Analysis of the distribution of pans on the rocky surfaces showed the largest accumulations of pans in the lower parts of the rocks. These studies made it possible to formulate and discuss hypotheses indicating the development of corrosional structures: 1.on bare rock wall 2.under the isolated clumps of vegetation3. under cover of soil