Analiza peptida iz hrane

The aim of this review is to discuss the definition of food peptidomics and highlight the role of this approach in food and nutrition sciences. Similar to living organisms, food peptidome may be defined as the whole peptide pool present in a food product or raw material. This definition also covers peptides obtained during technological processes and/or storage. The area of interest of food peptidomics covers research concerning the origin of peptidome, its dynamic changes during processing and/or storage, the influence of its presence, the composition and changes in the pool of peptides on the properties of food products or raw materials as well as the methods applied in research into this group of compounds. The area of interests of food peptidomics would include biological activity, functional properties, allergenicity, sensory properties and information on the product or resource authenticity and origin as well as its history and relationships. Research methods applied in food peptidomics, with special emphasis on computational methods, are also summarized.Ovaj revijalni prikaz razmatra definiciju pojma „food peptidomics“, tj. istraživanje peptida iz hrane i njihovu ulogu u prehrambenoj tehnologiji i nutricionizmu. Slično živim organizmima, „peptidome“ hrane obuhvaća sve peptide u prehrambenom proizvodu ili sirovini, a i one proizvedene tijekom prerade i/ili njihova skladištenja. Ova grana znanosti obuhvaća istraživanje podrijetla peptida, dinamičnosti njihove promjene pri preradi i/ili skladištenju, utjecaja peptida, njihova sastava i promjene sastava na svojstva prehrambenih proizvoda i sirovina, te metode istraživanja. To uključuje ispitivanje njihove biološke aktivnosti, funkcionalnih, alergenskih i senzorskih svojstava, informacije o autentičnosti i porijeklu proizvoda ili izvora, te povijesni razvoj i odnose. U radu su opisane metode istraživanja peptida, s posebnim naglaskom na računske metode

BIOPEP-PBIL alat za analizu biološki aktivnih motiva, izdvojenih iz proteina hrane

This work describes a flexible technique for the analysis of protein sequences as a source of motifs affecting bodily functions. The BIOPEP database, along with the Pôle Bioinformatique Lyonnais (PBIL) server, were applied to define which activities of peptides dominated in their protein precursors and which structure of the protein contained the most of the revealed activities. Such an approach could be helpful in finding some structural requirements for peptide(s) to be regarded as biologically active (bioactive). It was found that apart from the activities of peptides that commonly occur in the majority of proteins (e.g. ACE inhibitors), all analyzed proteins can be a source of motifs involved in e.g. activation of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. This could be important in designing diets for patients who suffer from neural diseases. The structure and bioactivity analyses revealed that if peptides were to be \u27bioactive\u27, it is essential that they assume the position of a coil (or combination of coil and a-helix) in the sequence of their protein precursors. However, it is recommended to consider the factors such as the length of peptide chains, the number of peptides in the database as well as the repeatability of the occurrence of characteristic amino acids, both in the peptide and in the protein when studying the bioactivity and structure of biomolecules.U radu je opisana prilagodljiva tehnika analize sekvencije proteina koji sadrže motive što utječu na funkcije organizma. BIOPEP baza podataka i Pôle Bioinformatique Lyonnais (PBIL) server upotrijebljeni su da bi se odredile aktivnosti peptida što prevladavaju u prekurzorima proteina, te koje strukture proteina imaju najveću aktivnost. Takav bi pristup mogao pomoći u otkrivanju strukturnih značajka koje pridonose biološkoj aktivnosti peptida. Utvrđeno je da ispitani proteini, osim što pokazuju aktivnost uobičajenu za većinu proteina (npr. inhibiraju acetilkolinesterazu), mogu sadržavati motive koji sudjeluju u ubikvitin-ovisnoj proteolizi. To bi moglo biti važno za određivanje prehrane bolesnika koji pate od neuroloških poremećaja. Analizom strukture i biološke aktivnosti uočeno je da bioaktivni peptidi moraju imati konformaciju uzvojnice (ili kombinaciju uzvojnice i α-ploče) u sekvencijama prekurzora proteina da bi imali to svojstvo. Međutim, pri proučavanju bioaktivnosti i strukture biomolekula treba uzeti u obzir i duljinu peptidnih lanaca, broj peptida u bazi podataka, te ponovljivost karakterističnih aminokiselina u peptidu i proteinu

Elites Do Not Deplete – No Effect of Prior Mental Exertion on Subsequent Shooting Performance in Elite Shooters

In order to perform at the highest level, elite shooters have to remain focused during the whole course of a tournament, which regularly lasts multiple hours. Investing self-control over extended time periods is often associated with lower levels of perceived self-control strength (i.e., the subjective estimation of how much mental effort one is capable of investing in a given task) and impaired performance in several sports-related domains. However, previous findings on the effects of prior self-control efforts on shooting performance have been mixed, as elite shooters seem to be less affected by preceding self-control demanding tasks than sub-elite athletes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of self-control on shooting performance in elite shooters. Hence, we randomly assigned elite shooters to an experimental (n = 12) or a control condition (n = 11) and asked them to perform a series of 40 shots at baseline (T1) and again after a task which either did or did not require self-control (T2). Additionally, we continuously measured the shooters’ level of perceived self-control strength. We assumed that in elite athletes, shooting accuracy as well as the perceived level of self-control strength would not be significantly affected over time from T1 to T2 in both conditions. In line with our assumptions, Bayesian linear mixed effect models revealed that shooting performance remained relatively stable in both conditions over time and the conditions also did not differ significantly in their perceived levels of self-control strength. Contrary to resource-based theories of self-control, these results speak against the idea of a limited self-control resource as previous acts of self-control did not impair subsequent shooting performance in elite athletes.publishe

In silico ispitivanje biljnih i životinjskih proteina kao prekurzora inhibitora angiotenzin konvertirajućeg enzima

This paper presents a modern in silico approach useful in the evaluation of proteins as a source of ACE inhibitors. All protein sequences analyzed were derived from the BIOPEP database. To determine the protein value, the following criteria of evaluation were applied: the profile of potential biological (ACE inhibitory) activity of a protein, the frequency of the occurrence of fragments with ACE inhibitory activity (A) and the potential biological activity of a protein (B). The results, based on a statistical analysis, indicate that milk proteins can be a better source of ACE inhibitors than wheat gliadins. Moreover, all analyzed gliadins possessed more potent ACE inhibitors than chicken meat proteins. No significant differences were observed when comparing A values between soy globulins and β-lactoglobulins. Although criteria such as the profile of potential biological activity of protein, as well as parameters A and B, can be suitable tools in protein evaluation, the proteolytic digestion of protein needs to be considered. Moreover, computerised methods of classifying proteins according to different algorithms are often subjective due to discretion in interpretation of the results.U ovom je radu prikazan suvremen in silico pristup ispitivanju proteinskih izvora inhibitora angiotenzin konvertirajućeg enzima (engl. angiotensin-converting enzyme - ACE). Sve ispitane sekvencije proteina izvađene su iz BIOPEP baze podataka, te procijenjene njihove vrijednosti prema ovim kriterijima: profil biološke aktivnosti proteina inhibitora ACE, učestalost pojave fragmenata koji inhibiraju ACE (A) i biološka aktivnost proteina (B). Rezultati dobiveni statističkom analizom pokazuju da su proteini mlijeka bolji izvor inhibitora ACE od glijadina pšenice. Svi ispitani glijadini sadrže jače inhibitore ACE od proteina piletine. Nije utvrđena značajna razlika između A vrijednosti globulina soje i β-laktoglobulina. Profil biološke aktivnosti te A i B vrijednosti mogu poslužiti kao alat za ispitivanje proteina, ali treba razmotriti i njihovu proteolitičku razgradnju. Valja imati na umu da kompjutorizirane metode klasifikacije proteina prema različitim algoritmima često mogu dati subjektivne rezultate

Employment in high-technology industries in the european union and job satisfaction - case study Czech Republic and Poland

The significance and position of high-technology industries within the economy is often considered to be an attribute of the company’s maturity. The aim of this study is to compare employment in the high-technology sector in selected European Union and OECD countries and to analyse university-educated workers’ job satisfaction in the Czech Republic and Poland. The work will use available data concerning employment and data mining will be carried out. Job satisfaction will be examined through a questionnaire survey. From these results some dependence between employment and job satisfaction could be observed. The employment rate in the Czech Republic is slightly higher and the level of job satisfaction is also slightly higher than in Poland. It can be assumed that the importance of high-technology industries will continue to grow because it is in the interest of the companies themselves to be competitive. At the same time, this is needed for further economic growth and productivity gains, so these directions should be further developed and supported

Association Between Sense of Coherence and Health Outcomes at 10 and 20 Years Follow-Up: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study in Germany

Background: The sense of coherence (SOC) is reported to influence health, but health may also have an impact on SOC. The objective of this study was to examine the longitudinal associations between SOC and selected self-reported and physician-assessed health outcomes over a period of 10 and 20 years and to determine the predominant direction of the associations. Methods: We conducted a population-based, longitudinal study, involving 392 participants (188 females and 204 males; mean age 43.01 years) who were followed for a median of 10 and 18 years. Analyses of variance were carried out to examine the longitudinal associations between SOC at baseline and health outcomes (i.e., self-rated health status, SHS; physical health status assessed by a physician, PHS; self-reported satisfaction with life, SWL) at follow-ups. The direction of associations was examined using a cross-lagged model on correlation coefficients. Results: There were significant group effects for SOC at baseline on SHS at 20-year follow-up (F = 4.09, p = 0.018, ηp(2) = 0.041), as well as on SWL at 10-year (F = 12.67, p < 0.01, ηp(2) = 0.072) and at 20-year follow-up (F = 8.09, p < 0.1, ηp(2) = 0.069). SHS (r = 0.238, p < 0.01), PHS (r = −0.140, p < 0.05) and SWL (r = 0.400, p < 0.01) predicted SOC at 10-year follow-up stronger than vice versa. The direction of associations between SOC and health parameters at 20-year follow-up was less consistent. Conclusions: The long-term associations between SOC and self-reported and physician-assessed health may be reciprocal in community-dwelling adults. More research is needed to examine the predictive power of health on SOC and whether interventions targeted at improving health parameters, may impact SOC

Longitudinal associations between physical activity and five risk factors of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in Germany

We examined the longitudinal association between (change in) physical activity (PA) with new onset of five risk factors of metabolic syndrome among 657 middle-aged adults (mean age 44.1 (standard deviation (SD) 8.6) years) who were free of the respective outcome at baseline, in a longitudinal cohort study spanning over 29 years. Methods Levels of habitual PA and sports-related PA were assessed by a self-reported questionnaire. Incident elevated waist circumference (WC), elevated triglycerides (TG), reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterols (HDL), elevated blood pressure (BP), and elevated blood-glucose (BG) were assessed by physicians and by self-reported questionnaires. We calculated Cox proportional hazard ratio regressions and 95% confdence intervals. Results: Over time, participants developed (cases of incident risk factor; mean (SD) follow-up time) elevated WC (234 cases; 12.3 (8.2) years), elevated TG (292 cases; 11.1 (7.8) years), reduced HDL (139 cases; 12.4 (8.1) years), elevated BP (185 cases; 11.4 (7.5) years), or elevated BG (47 cases; 14.2 (8.5) years). For PA variables at baseline, risk reductions ranging between 37 and 42% for reduced HDL levels were detected. Furthermore, higher levels of PA (≥16.6 METh per week) were associated with a 49% elevated risk for incident elevated BP. Participants who increased PA levels over time, had risk reductions ranging between 38 and 57% for elevated WC, elevated TG and reduced HDL. Participants with stable high amounts of PA from baseline to follow-up had risk reductions ranging between 45 and 87% for incident reduced HDL and elevated BG. Conclusions: PA at baseline, starting PA engagement, maintaining and increasing PA level over time are associated with favorable metabolic health outcomes

Longitudinal association between physical activity and the risk of incident metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in Germany

We examined the longitudinal association between physical activity (PA) and the risk of incident metabolic syndrome (MetS) among middle-aged, community-dwelling adults, including 591 individuals (314 females; mean (SD) age, 43.8 (8.5) years) who were free of MetS at baseline. Habitual and sports-related PA was assessed by a self-reported questionnaire. MetS was defined based on HDLcholesterols, triglycerides, glucose or HbA1c, blood pressure, and waist circumference. We calculated Cox proportional hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using regression analyses. Over a mean follow-up of 12.5 years, 205 participants developed incident MetS. Four different sports-related PA measures were associated with a decreased risk of incident MetS: (1) Engaging in ≥ 75 min/ week (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.53–0.94), (2) maintaining a continuously high amount from baseline to follow-up of ≥ 75 min/week (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.46–0.94), (3) starting from < 150 min/week at baseline to ≥ 150 min/week at follow-up (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.45–0.94), and (4) increasing from < 16.6 METhours/ week at baseline to ≥ 16.6 MET-hours/week at follow-up (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.31–0.71). Thus, maintaining, starting or increasing sports-related PA is associated with a lower risk of incident MetS