Disentangling the influence of host genotype, parasite genotype, environment, and interactions.

<p>Disentangling the influence of host genotype, parasite genotype, environment, and interactions.</p

Description of the experimental design.

<p>Description of the experimental design.</p

Results of the upwind flight (UF) and localization (L) generalized linear models.

<p>Results of the upwind flight (UF) and localization (L) generalized linear models.</p

Upwind flight and localization indicators for the three genotypes in relation to treatment (Mean±95% Confidence Interval).

<p>***p<0.001, **p≤0.01, *p≤0.05, ns = not significant.</p

SNP discovery and molecular evolution in , with special emphasis on innate immune system-2

(black line). Data from immune related genes and control genes are included. Abscise represents position of the genes along the genome. Chromosomes and centromeres are represented below. The asterisk shows the position of TEP1 gene.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "SNP discovery and molecular evolution in , with special emphasis on innate immune system"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/227</p><p>BMC Genomics 2008;9():227-227.</p><p>Published online 19 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2405807.</p><p></p

Influence of pyrethroïd-treated bed net on host seeking behavior of <i>Anopheles gambiae s</i>.<i>s</i>. carrying the <i>kdr</i> allele

<div><p>The use of long lasting insecticide nets (LLINs) treated with pyrethroïd is known for its major contribution in malaria control. However, LLINs are suspected to induce behavioral changes in malaria vectors, which may in turn drastically affect their efficacy against <i>Plasmodium sp</i>. transmission. In sub Saharan Africa, where malaria imposes the heaviest burden, the main malaria vectors are widely resistant to pyrethroïds, the insecticide family used on LLINs, which also threatens LLIN efficiency. There is therefore a crucial need for deciphering how insecticide-impregnated materials might affect the host-seeking behavior of malaria vectors in regards to insecticide resistance. In this study, we explored the impact of permethrin-impregnated net on the host attractiveness for <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> mosquitoes, either susceptible to insecticides, or carrying the insecticide resistance conferring allele <i>kdr</i>. Groups of female mosquitoes were released in a dual-choice olfactometer and their movements towards an attractive odor source (a rabbit) protected by insecticide-treated (ITN) or untreated nets (UTN) were monitored. <i>Kdr</i> homozygous mosquitoes, resistant to insecticides, were more attracted by a host behind an ITN than an UTN, while the presence of insecticide on the net did not affect the choice of susceptible mosquitoes. These results suggest that permethrin-impregnated net is detectable by malaria vectors and that the <i>kdr</i> mutation impacts their response to a LLIN protected host. We discuss the implication of these results for malaria vector control.</p></div

SNP discovery and molecular evolution in , with special emphasis on innate immune system-0

(black line). Data from immune related genes and control genes are included. Abscise represents position of the genes along the genome. Chromosomes and centromeres are represented below. The asterisk shows the position of TEP1 gene.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "SNP discovery and molecular evolution in , with special emphasis on innate immune system"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/227</p><p>BMC Genomics 2008;9():227-227.</p><p>Published online 19 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2405807.</p><p></p

Experimental set-up.

<p>Dual-choice olfactometer (right side) connected to the treatment boxes (middle) and the wide chamber (left side).</p

Relative attractiveness rates.

<p>RA: number of mosquitoes found in one arm relative to the total number of mosquitoes found in both arms. (A) Experiment 2 (rabbit only). (B) Experiment 3 (rabbit + UTN or empty box). (C) Experiment 4 (Rabbit+ UTN or ITN). Asterisks show difference to 0.5, traducing a choice for one treatment rather than the other. Error bars show the 95% CI; **p≤0.01, *p≤0.05. UTN: Untreated net, ITN: Insecticide-treated net. SS: homozygote for the L1014S allele (insecticide-susceptible), RS: heterozygous for the L1014F allele, RR: homozygous for L1014F allele (insecticide-resistant).</p

Number of releases performed per genotype and experiment.

<p>Number of releases performed per genotype and experiment.</p