Brain regions activated or deactivated by working memory task performance.

<p>Anatomical locations of maximal test statistics are specified in {x,y,z} coordinates (mm) in the stereotactic system of the MNI template image and the number of supra-threshold voxels comprising the 4 most significant clusters designated as activated regions and deactivated regions.</p

Task-activated brain regions and the recovery of fractal scaling of endogenous oscillations after task performance.

<p>(a) Within-group map of activated (red) and deactivated (blue) regions from a contrast of <i>n</i>-back versus zero-back (control) trials of the working memory task. Axial slice locations are in mm coordinates of the MNI stereotaxic template. The left of the image is the right of the brain. Threshold for significance was at the cluster level and set such that one false-positive cluster was expected under the null hypothesis (equivalent p = 3.6×10⁻³). (b–e) Post-task recovery of fractal scaling (Δ<i>H</i>) for low and high working memory loads, extracted from activated regions clusters 1–3 and deactivated regions cluster 1 (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0006626#pone-0006626-t001" target="_blank">table 1</a> for anatomical description). Error bars are between-subject standard deviations. Note that in the immediate post-task period, values of <i>H</i> were lower than before task performance, indicating a relative loss of long-range autocorrelations or long memory properties in the endogenous dynamics. Endogenous dynamics tended to recover their pre-task parameter values quite slowly over the course of several minutes following completion of the task and the rate of recovery was faster following completion of the less demanding version of the working memory task.</p

Summary of experimental paradigm.

<p>Summary of experimental paradigm.</p

Demographics.

<p>List of demographics for the 82 subjects included in this study, grouped by genotype. Data on educational level reached by the end of 1997 was collected from register of the Statistics Finland. Handedness data obtained at the time of MR scan.</p

DLPFC volume according to genotype.

<p>Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) volume according to genotype at COMT Val158Met in men and women.</p

Mean brain edge movement (reduction) by brain region in schizophrenia and during the 9-year follow-up time.

<p>Note: *p-values from group comparison adjusted for sex.</p

Clinical characteristics of participants with schizophrenia.

a<p>PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, assessment of the PANSS in the baseline and 9 year follow-up are not completely comparable (please see text in methods).</p>b<p>Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale.</p>c<p>Equivalent to 100 mg daily chlorpromazine during the 9-year follow-up.</p

Linear regression analysis of the association between annual brain volume reduction and amount of antipsychotic medication (log dose years of daily equivalent of 100 mg chlorpromazine separately in typical, atypical and any antipsychotics) during the 9-year follow-up time.

a<p>unadjusted model. All betas are standardised.</p>b<p>adjusted for mean total PANSS, logarithm of alcohol use and weight change.</p>c<p>adjusted for change in total PANSS, logarithm of alcohol use and weight change.</p>d<p>adjusted for mean SOFAS, logarithm of alcohol use and weight change.</p>e<p>adjusted for change in SOFAS, logarithm of alcohol use and weight change.</p

Mean of the annual change of total brain volume (%) during the 9-year follow-up period in participants with schizophrenia and control participants.

<p>SD  =  Standard Deviation.</p><p>Q₁  =  first quartile, Q₃  =  third quartile.</p>a<p>Independent samples t-test.</p>b<p>Adjusted for sex.</p>c<p>Adjusted for sex, educational level, logarithm of the alcohol use (g/day) and weight change (kg).</p

Linear regression between annual brain change and mean PANSS scores, change in PANSS scores, mean SOFAS and change in SOFAS score.

a<p>Standardized betas.</p