Europe and Central Asia region Middle East and North Africa region population projects : 1992-93 edition

Population projections for all countries are prepared annually by the Bank's Population and Human Resources Department. They are published first in summary form in the Bank's World Development Report and later in greater detail as technical notes or working papers and, in alternate years, as a book. Separate papers cover the six Bank regions: (1) Africa (sub-Saharan); (2) Latin America and the Caribbean (and North America); (3) East Asia and Pacific region and South Asia region combined; and (4) Europe and Central Asia region and Middle East and North Africa region combined. This year's projections contain two major changes from the previous edition. First, projected mortality from AIDS has been incorporated into the tables for sub-Saharan African countries. Second, demographic estimates and projections are provided separately for each of the fifteen countries that constituted the former Soviet Union. Among trends observed: The total fertility rate for the world is an estimated 3.2 children per woman in 1992. The highest total fertility rates are found in East and West Africa, where the rate is about 6. Most countries in the Asian and Latin American regions have moderate fertility of three to five children per woman, although both continents contain countries with very high and very low levels. More developed countries have the lowest fertility, with rates ranging between 2.5 and 1.5, but one of the former Soviet republics, Tajikistan, has a total fertility of 5. Europe (including the former Soviet republics) is the only continent where aggregate fertility is currently below replacement - that is, where women are not having enough children to replace themselves. Recent trends in some countries of Europe show small increases in fertility, and the projections assume that the total fertility rate will recover to replacement level by 2030. Europe is also the continent with the most homogeneous fertility levels: with the exception of four of the former Soviet republics that have total fertility rates above 3, fertility in the other 41 countries varies in a narrow range between 1.5 and 2.8. The Northern American region has the highest aggregate life expectancy, 76.7. The European region has the second highest aggregate life expectancy, 74.4. Every country in this region is above the world's average of 66. Moving from west to east through this region, life expectancies tend to decline, from a high of 78 in Iceland to a low of 66 in Turkmenistan.Earth Sciences&GIS,Demographics,Health Indicators,Health Information&Communications Technologies,

East Asia and Pacific region South Asia region population projections 1992-93 edition

Population projections for all countries are prepared annually by the Bank's Population and Human Resources Department. They are published first in summary form in the Bank's World Development Report and later in greater detail as technical notes or working papers and, in alternate years, as a book. Separate papers cover the six Bank regions: (1) Africa (sub-Saharan); (2) Latin American and the Caribbean (and Northern America); (3) East Asia and Pacific region and South Asia region combined; and (4) Europe and Central Asia region and Middle East and North Africa region combined. Among trends observed: In Asia, most countries have begun the transition from high to low fertility, with declines in many countries starting before and during the 1970s. In East and Southeast Asia, fertility has already reached a low level of 2.5 children per woman. South Asia, at 4.1 children per woman, has progressed less far in this process, and Southwest Asia has still further to go. But each subregion of the Asian continent includes countries at different stages of the fertility transition: each subregion has at least one country with a total fertility rate of 6 or greater and one country with replacement-level fertility. The projections of when replacement fertility will be reached in the region as a whole are determined by the trends in individual countries with the slowest decline; the Asian subregion aggregates will therefore be late in achieving this. South Asia has the worst mortality conditions of the Asian subregions, but improvement has been quite rapid since the mid-1970s, with life expectancy increasing from 49 to 59 years currently. Life expectancy in Southwest Asia is near the world's average, while it is well above that in East and Southeast Asia at 70 years. East and Southeast Asia contains some of the countries (Japan and Hong Kong) with the highest measured life expectancies in the world. The most populous country in the world is China, with a population of 1.2 billion. Its population growth rate, 1.5 percent in the early 1990s, is low for a low-income country and is due to the low level of fertility achieved in the last two decades. India, the second most populous country, has an estimated population of 883 million in 1992. Because of its higher total fertility rate, it is growing faster than China - 2.0 percent a year - despite higher mortality. The population of India is projected to surpass the 1 billion mark in the year 2000 and to surpass China in total population by 2120.Demographics,Health Indicators,Health Information&Communications Technologies,,Earth Sciences&GIS

Latin America and the Caribbean region (and Northern America) population projections : 1992-93 edition

Population projections for all countries are prepared annually by the World Bank's Population and Human Resources Department. They are published first in summary form in the Bank's World Development Report and later in greater detail as technical notes or working papers, and in alternate years, as a book. Separate papers cover the six Bank regions: (1) Africa (sub-Saharan); (2) Latin America and the Caribbean (and Northern America); (3) East Asia and Pacific region and South Asia region combined; and (4) Europe and Central Asia region and Middle East and North Africa region combined. Among trends observed: all of the Bank's regions have positive population growth rates, but a few countries are losing people. These countries are in one of two regions: in Latin America and the Caribbean, where several small island countries (Dominica, Grenada, and St. Kitts and Nevis) have recently had negative growth rates, and in Europe (Bulgaria, Hungary, and Ireland). In the case of the Caribbean islands, the cause of population decline is outmigration, whereas in Eastern Europe it results from a combination of below-replacement fertility and outmigration. On the American continent, fertility in all countries has dropped to below 6 children per woman, but some countries have gone much further than others. The total fertility rate for Latin America is intermediate at 3.1, and replacement fertility is projected to be reached in every country no later than 2035. In Northern America, fertility is at 2 children per woman - that is, just below replacement level. At the regional level, international net migration has a trivial effect on population growth. The most significant flow in the world occurs between Latin America and the Caribbean and Northern America, which amounts to just over one-half million persons per year. Migration often occurs for unpredictable reasons, and is often reversed in a short time. The projections of future net migration assume a gradual decline to zero from current levels.Health Information&Communications Technologies,,Earth Sciences&GIS,Demographics,Health Indicators

Old, single and poor

This paper uses microdata and NATSEM\u27s microsimulation models to examine the spatial distribution of poverty among older single people and to test the likely impact upon national and small area poverty rates of an increase in the single age pension rate. In recent months in Australia there has been extended debate about whether the age pension is sufficiently high to allow older Australians to attain an acceptable standard of living. This paper uses microdata and NATSEM\u27s microsimulation models to examine the spatial distribution of poverty among older single people and to test the likely impact upon national and small area poverty rates of an increase in the single age pension rate. The paper provides an illustration of the usefulness of microsimulation models to policy makers. Changes in a country\u27s tax and transfer systems can have a large effect on incomes, and can be targeted towards increasing incomes for the poor, thus reducing poverty rates. However, governments need an estimate of the extent to which a proposed policy change is likely to affect poverty rates, in order to be able to compare different proposals. Microsimulation models allow this comparison of proposed policies and can provide governments with an appreciation of how much a new policy is likely to cost; how many and what types of low income people will benefit; and the extent of any consequent reduction in the poverty rate. Until recently, microsimulation models have been able to estimate the effects of such changes only at a national or very broad regional level. NATSEM has now linked its tax/transfer microsimulation model (STINMOD) to spatially disaggregated census data, producing a spatial microsimulation model which can be used to identify the neighbourhood effects of policy changes for small areas

Progression of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease in children1

Progression of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease in children.BackgroundAlthough many case reports describe manifestations of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in children, no longitudinal studies have examined the natural progression or risk factors for more rapid progression in a large number of children from ADPKD families.MethodsSince 1985, we have studied 312 children from 131 families with a history, a physical examination, blood and urine chemistries, an abdominal ultrasonography, and gene linkage analysis. One hundred fifteen of 185 affected children were studied multiple times for up to 15 years. Renal volumes were determined by ultrasound imaging. Graphs of mean renal volumes according to age were compared between affected and unaffected children, ADPKD children with and without early severe disease, and children with and without high blood pressure.ResultsAffected children had faster renal growth than unaffected children. ADPKD children with severe renal enlargement at a young age continued to experience faster renal growth than those with mild enlargement or normal kidney size for their age, and affected children with high blood pressure had faster renal growth than those with lower blood pressure. Glomerular filtration rate did not decrease in any children except for two with unusually severe early onset disease.ConclusionsThe progression of ADPKD clearly occurs in childhood and manifests as an increase in cyst number and renal size. This study identifies children at risk for rapid renal enlargement who may benefit the most from future therapeutic interventions

Prospectus, April 20, 1988

https://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1988/1014/thumbnail.jp

Aqueous Red-Emitting Silicon Nanoparticles for Cellular Imaging: Consequences of Protecting Against Surface Passivation by Hydroxide and Water for Stable Red Emission

Stable, aqueous, red-to-near infrared emission is critical for the use of silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) in biological fluorescence assays, but such Si NPs have been difficult to attain. We report a synthesis and surface modification strategy that protects Si NPs and preserves red photoluminescence (PL) in water for more than 6 mo. The Si NPs were synthesized via high temperature reaction, liberated from an oxide matrix, and functionalized via hydrosilylation to yield hydrophobic particles. The hydrophobic Si NPs were phase transferred to water using the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with retention of red PL. CTAB apparently serves a double role in providing stable, aqueous, red-emitting Si NPs by (i) forming a hydrophobic barrier between the Si NPs and water and (ii) providing aqueous colloidal stability via the polar head group. We demonstrate preservation of the aqueous red emission of these Si NPs in biological media and examine the effects of pH on emission color

One new and two unknown species of free - living marine nematodes from Can Gio mangrove forest, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam

One new and two unknown species of free living marine nematodes belonging to family Oxystominidae are described from Cangio mangrove forest, Hochiminh city of Vietnam. The Oxystomina paraclavicaudata sp. nov. is characterized by the long conico-cylindrical tail with claviform tip, the double parallel spicules and the pre-and postvulval papillae. The species Litinium sp1. can be recognized by labial setae and cephalic setae follow the structure 6 + 6 + 4; amphid pear-shaped with slit-like aperture; spicules have a kink at the middle; gubernaculum short, plate-like; two papilliform supplements with short seta; tail rounded with the pore of caudal glands at the end. And Litinium sp2. is characterized by labial setae small or absent, two subcephalic setae at the posterior edge of the amphid; amphid elongate pocket-like with a fringe around the aperture; only one short somatic setae at the base of pharynx. Reproductive system diorchic with short testes; two supplement setae; only two caudal gland cells observed within the tail, the opening is shifted ventrally

Sexual Risk Behaviors for HIV/AIDS in Chuuk State, Micronesia: The Case for HIV Prevention in Vulnerable Remote Populations

BACKGROUND: After the first two cases of locally-acquired HIV infection were recognized in Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), a public health response was initiated. The purpose of the response was to assess the need for HIV education and prevention services, to develop recommendations for controlling further spread of HIV in Chuuk, and to initiate some of the prevention measures. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A public health team conducted a survey and rapid HIV testing among a sample of residents on the outer islands in Chuuk. Local public health officials conducted contact tracing and testing of sex partners of the two locally-acquired cases of HIV infection. A total of 333 persons completed the survey. The majority knew that HIV is transmitted through unprotected sexual contact (81%), injection drug use (61%), or blood transfusion (64%). Sexual activity in the past 12 months was reported among 159 participants, including 90 females and 69 males. Compared to women, men were more likely to have had multiple sex partners, to have been drunk during sex, but less likely to have used a condom in the past 12 months. The two men with locally acquired HIV infection had unprotected anal sex with a third Chuukese man who likely contracted HIV while outside of Chuuk. All 370 persons who received voluntary, confidential HIV counseling and testing had HIV negative test results. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Despite the low HIV seroprevalence, risky sexual behaviors in this small isolated population raise concerns about the potential for rapid spread of HIV. The lack of knowledge about risks, along with stigmatizing attitudes towards persons infected with HIV and high risk sexual behaviors indicate the need for resources to be directed toward HIV prevention in Chuuk and on other Pacific Islands

Expanding workplace HIV/AIDS prevention activities for a highly mobile population: Construction workers in Ho Chi Minh City

In Ho Chi Minh City, the locus of the HIV epidemic in Vietnam, efforts have been under way for several years to implement prevention efforts for migrant worker populations. The main activity has been volunteer health communicators (HCs) visiting workplaces and conducting HIV education activities. These efforts have reached only a small number of the intended audience, and the impact is unclear. Local authorities want to scale up their efforts but need information on the most effective and least costly activities, and their potential for scale up. The Horizons Program, the Population Council/Vietnam, and partners compared two programs for highly mobile construction workers: the existing HC workplace program, where social work students deliver HIV-prevention education, and a new peer-education program. Concerns exist about the turnover of health communicators in the HC program and whether social work students, about half of whom are female, are the most effective HIV-prevention educators for a largely male construction worker population. The new program uses construction worker peer educators to promote HIV risk reduction. Findings noted in this report indicate that the peer-educator program reached a higher proportion of workers than the health-communicator program