Oral Rhabdomyosarcoma: a review

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare malignant soft tissue neoplasm comprised of cells derived from the primitive mesen¬chyme. About 35% of RMS arises in the head and neck, are are classified as parameningeal and non-parameningeal forms. These are the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the children, adolescents and young adults. Their etiopathogenesis and its molecular relevance have been emphasized. The first line of treatment is radical excision and this is usually supplemented by radiotherapy. It is believed that adjunct combination chemotherapy may greatly improve the prognosis. Inadequately treated tumours grow in an infiltrative manner and recur in a high percentage of cases. Bone does not constitute an effective barrier to the growth of the tumour and bone invasion is a frequent finding in head and neck rhabdomyosarcomas

Evaluation of Stress Pattern Caused by Mini-Implant in Mandibular Alveolar Bone with Different Angulations and Retraction Forces: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Study

Objective:The objective of the study was to evaluate the stress pattern in cortical and cancellous bones, periodontal ligament, and in the implant itself when a mini-implant (MI) is inserted in the inter-radicular space between mandibular first molar and second premolar at various angulations and different retraction forces.Methods:Finite element study was conducted with MI insertion at 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90° angulations in the mandibular posterior region (between second premolar and first molar). At these angulations, horizontal forces of 150, 200, and 250 g were applied to the middle of the MI head. von Mises stress values were then evaluated using the ANSYS software.Results:Highest von Mises stress values were detected in the MI itself, followed by cortical bone, cancellous bone, and periodontal ligament. The von Mises stress values in cortical bone were highest at 30° angulation and lowest at 90° angulation. In the cancellous bone, the stress value was found to be maximum at 90°. The von Mises stress values in the MI were lowest at 90°. In all four structures, as the load increased from 150 to 250 g, the von Mises stress values increased.Conclusion:The von Mises stress values in the cortical bone, MI, and periodontal ligament were found to be lowest at 90°. Placement of the MI at 90° appears to be an ideal angulation when applied with a horizontal load. Force range used is within clinically recommended levels; however, the increase in load causes an increase in the stress values

Common variants in CLDN2 and MORC4 genes confer disease susceptibility in patients with chronic pancreatitis

A recent Genome-wide Association Study (GWAS) identified association with variants in X-linked CLDN2 and MORC4 and PRSS1-PRSS2 loci with Chronic Pancreatitis (CP) in North American patients of European ancestry. We selected 9 variants from the reported GWAS and replicated the association with CP in Indian patients by genotyping 1807 unrelated Indians of Indo-European ethnicity, including 519 patients with CP and 1288 controls. The etiology of CP was idiopathic in 83.62% and alcoholic in 16.38% of 519 patients. Our study confirmed a significant association of 2 variants in CLDN2 gene (rs4409525—OR 1.71, P = 1.38 x 10-09; rs12008279—OR 1.56, P = 1.53 x 10-04) and 2 variants in MORC4 gene (rs12688220—OR 1.72, P = 9.20 x 10-09; rs6622126—OR 1.75, P = 4.04x10-05) in Indian patients with CP. We also found significant association at PRSS1-PRSS2 locus (OR 0.60; P = 9.92 x 10-06) and SAMD12-TNFRSF11B (OR 0.49, 95% CI [0.31–0.78], P = 0.0027). A variant in the gene MORC4 (rs12688220) showed significant interaction with alcohol (OR for homozygous and heterozygous risk allele -14.62 and 1.51 respectively, P = 0.0068) suggesting gene-environment interaction. A combined analysis of the genes CLDN2 and MORC4 based on an effective risk allele score revealed a higher percentage of individuals homozygous for the risk allele in CP cases with 5.09 fold enhanced risk in individuals with 7 or more effective risk alleles compared with individuals with 3 or less risk alleles (P = 1.88 x 10-14). Genetic variants in CLDN2 and MORC4 genes were associated with CP in Indian patients

Motivating Women to Travel in India:Embodying Safety as an Organizational Purpose

Safety concerns are a key factor that demotivate women from traveling. Tourism organizations are yet to develop approaches to address this comprehensively. Employing the case study design, this study describes how an Indian tourism organization adopted safe women travel as its purpose to reduce women’s safety risk perceptions and motivated them to travel. Nine qualitative interviews were conducted with key stakeholders including co-founders, employees, customers, and vendors. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis resulting in the identification of purpose as a pull factor. Themes of defining, communicating, embodying purpose, and its resulting influence were identified. Through this process, the organization was able to positively impact perceptions of safety, enhance women’s travel motivation, and develop long-term associations with all stakeholders. An actionable framework for implementing purpose was developed that can be used to align tourism organizations’ practices and activities

Early orthopedic correction of skeletal Class III malocclusion using combined reverse twin block and face mask therapy

A 6-year 8-month-old girl presented with a moderate Class III malocclusion characterized by mid-face deficiency and an anterior cross bite. In the first phase, the patient was treated with combination of reverse twin block and facemask therapy. In phase two, fixed appliances were placed in the permanent dentition. The post treatment results were good and a favorable growth tendency could be observed. The correction of the Class III malocclusion occurred by a combination of skeletal and dental improvements. This report shows successful correction of skeletal Class III malocclusion in the early transitional dentition using combination therapy

Tetrachromic VOF/Masson's trichrome/H and E stains: Unmasking their usability in differential stromal hard tissue staining

Background: Identification and differentiation of stromal hard tissue components is a challenging task. Numerous methods of demonstrating these components have been worked upon in the past. Although some of the methods have been successful, there are many drawbacks of employing them. The need of the hour, therefore is to develop and use a simple, rapid and cost-effective method of identifying stromal hard tissues as they may signify an important change in the diagnosis of the pathology. Our aim is therefore to observe the usability of tetrachromic VOF stain over Hematoxylin and Eosin and Masson's Trichrome in routinely encountered head and neck pathologies. Materials and Method: Routine cases such as Central and peripheral ossifying fibromas, osteomas, giant cell granulomas, osteomyelitis and malignancies like osteosarcomas were retrieved from the department archives and 3 sections from each block were prepared to stain with H and E, Masson's trichrome and modified tetrachromic VOF stains respectively using standard staining protocol. Results: Tetrachromic VOF takes an upper hand in stromal hard tissue differentiation irrespective of the pathology. Conclusion: Modified tetrachromic VOF is simple, cost-effective method and can be employed for diagnosis of cases with hard tissue differentiation within the stroma on routine basis