HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACTION OF SHOOT CULTURES FROM NOTHAPODYTE NIMMONIANA AND ITS ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE ANALYSIS

Objective: The important restraints in plant-derived medicine are the convenience of active composites which depends on diverse topographical situations, active compound build-up pattern, environmental circumstances and genetic makeup of the plant. The presented work was aimed to describe an efficient technique for fast propagation of Nothapodytes nimmoniana which is an imperative source of Camptothecin.Methods: Multiple shoots were successfully regenerated from the explants N. nimmoniana using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium accompanied with IBA+KN+GA3 (1:3:2) mg/l. the hydro-alcoholic extract was obtained by soxhlet extraction for field grown roots (fgRE), shoots (fgSE) and in vitro plantlets (ivPL) and further subjected to phytochemicals analysis. HPLC analysis was performed to determine the percentage of camptothecin (CAM). Anti-proliferative studies were carried out followed by Acridine orange/Ethidium bromide staining. Extracts were also estimated for reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS).Results: Preliminary qualitative chemical analysis of the extracts displayed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, steroids, saponins, terpenoids and phenolics compounds. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of CAM in all the extracts. ivPL exhibited lowest anti-proliferative activity in contrast to other extract and percentage of ROS and RNS was also less. Although ivPL did not exhibited prominent anti-tumour effect, but in vitro accumulation of CAM in 2-months old shoots provides an alternative resource to 5 y-old field grown plants.Conclusion: This work delivers a potential to lead to further increase the potency of CAM in in vitro shoots of two months old as an alternative to the field grown plants for treating cancers

Thermal conductivity of crystalline AlN and the influence of atomic-scale defects

Aluminum nitride (AlN) plays a key role in modern power electronics and deep-ultraviolet photonics, where an understanding of its thermal properties is essential. Here we measure the thermal conductivity of crystalline AlN by the 3${\omega}$ method, finding it ranges from 674 ${\pm}$ 56 W/m/K at 100 K to 186 ${\pm}$ 7 W/m/K at 400 K, with a value of 237 ${\pm}$ 6 W/m/K at room temperature. We compare these data with analytical models and first principles calculations, taking into account atomic-scale defects (O, Si, C impurities, and Al vacancies). We find Al vacancies play the greatest role in reducing thermal conductivity because of the largest mass-difference scattering. Modeling also reveals that 10% of heat conduction is contributed by phonons with long mean free paths, over ~7 ${\mu}$m at room temperature, and 50% by phonons with MFPs over ~0.3 ${\mu}$m. Consequently, the effective thermal conductivity of AlN is strongly reduced in sub-micron thin films or devices due to phonon-boundary scattering

A Study of Behavioural Perspective of Operations

AbstractHuman factor influence the working of operating system and how the operations are being performed. The study signifies the implications of incorporating behavioural factors into various operating techniques. The decision makers and the people who are involved in implementing of various operating systems are believed to behave rationally. Their decision making is believed to be unhampered by feelings and emotions but still a difference in operational outcome like efficiency and worker productivity is there. The difference in operations outcomes was because of various behavioural factors. The study shows that operations management field can be enriched by adopting various behavioural principles from HRM and OB

An Overview of Precision Farming

With respect to conventional farming precision agriculture increases average yields by limiting the wastage by calculating the exact required quantities of inputs. One major issue in India is the relatively small and scattered landholdings. In India 58% of the cultivable land is less than 1ha under single owner. The agricultural production system is the result of a complex interplay between seed, soil, water, and agrochemicals (including fertilizers). As a result, judicious control of all inputs is critical for the long-term viability of such a complex system. Precision agriculture is the use of technology and techniques to control the geographical and temporal variability associated with all aspects of agricultural production to improve output and environmental quality. Precision agricultural success is dependent on an accurate assessment of variability, its management, and evaluation in the space-time continuum of crop production. Precision agriculture's agronomic performance has been highly impressive in sugar beet, sugarcane, tea, and coffee crops. Due to lack of knowledge of space-time continuum the economic benefits environmental and social advantages are not explored yet. Precision agriculture is a relatively new field that integrates cutting-edge geographic technology with farming scenarios to optimize inputs, eliminate waste, and maximize returns. Precision farming systems are intended for use in many sorts of agricultural systems, ranging from row crops to dairy, and the technology has experienced extensive acceptance in the United States and across the globe

Physiological Aspects of Flowering, Fruit Setting, Fruit Development and Fruit Drop, Regulation and their Manipulation: A Review

The physiology of flowering and fruit setting involves the changes in the characters of cells proliferating in the meristematic tissues of the shoot owing to the specific gene action and change in the phyto-hormones level. Flower formation is a transition phase in the life cycle of a plant. The alteration of vegetative apex into reproductive structure results in flowering initiation. The reduction of shoot meristem starts development of sepals, petals, stamens, carpals instead of leaves. The plant must attain specific state of ‘ripeness to response’ before it flowers. Once the stage is reached, then it can induce to flower. The flowering is closely linked to the diverse environmental conditions in which each species has evolved. The effects of the large number of factors that influence the proportion of buds giving rise to flowers have generally been interpreted in terms of an inbuilt propensity to flowering and interference with attainment of this

Contiguous Lumbar Vertebral Involvement with Vertebral Collapse in Giant Cell Tumor: A Usual Tumor with an Unusual Presentation

Giant cell tumor (GCT) is a primary bone tumor of long bones, which can rarely involve the vertebrae. Contiguous vertebral involvement by GCT is a rare presentation and poses a diagnostic dilemma on imaging. We report a case of GCT involving three contiguous lumbar vertebrae causing vertebral collapse along with a large soft tissue component. Considering the site and clinical presentation, possibilities of a round cell tumor with large extraosseous soft tissue component and malignant neurogenic tumor were suggested on initial radiological examination but histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of GCT. It is important to diagnose this entity correctly because of totally different lines of management. In our case, initial surgical management was excluded in view of high surgical morbidity and, thereby, adjuvant therapy with denosumab was planned