24 research outputs found

    Proizvodnja vodika elektrolizom vode pomoću sunčeve energije i fotonaponskog modula

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    Proizvodnja električne energije direktnom pretvorbom Sunčeve energije bez popratne emisije ugljikovog dioksida (CO2) bitna je s motriÅ”ta sigurnosti opskrbe, ali i s motriÅ”ta zaÅ”tite okoliÅ”a. Osnovne tehnoloÅ”ke komponente u sustavu kojima se danas može rijeÅ”iti takav zadatak su fotonaponski (F\N) članak, elektrolizator, spremnik vodika, vodikov gorivni članak te voda kao osnovni radni medij. Zbog svega toga u fokusu ove doktorske disertacije nalazi se konstrukcija eksperimentalnog elektrolitičkog članka s otopinom kalijevog hidroksida (KOH) u vodi (alkalna otopina, lužina) kao elektrolitom. U okviru testiranja elektrolizatora snimljena je njegova radna (UI) karakteristika i izračunata iskoristivost koja je u okvirima poznatima iz literature. Uočeno je da se na intenzitet proizvodnje vodika može utjecati promjenom brzine kruženja elektrolita kroz porozne elektrode članka. Osim originalnog dijela ove doktorske disertacije prikazan je i pregled povijesnog razvoja alkalnih elektrolizatora i opisi poznatih tehničkih koncepata njihove izvedbe. U sustavu za proizvodnju vodika elektrolizom vode pomoću Sunčeve energije i fotonaponskog članka (F\NH2 sustav) istraživanja se odnose na eksperimentalno mjerenje i modeliranje F\N članka i elektrolizatora pojedinačno i spregnutih u jedan zajednički sustav. Cilj je poboljÅ”anje iskoristivosti i pojednostavljenje sustava. Istraživanja na F\N članku provode se u svrhu definiranja utjecaja različitih parametara na njegovu UI karakteristiku i putanju točke maksimalne snage (MPP putanja). MPP putanja je putanja točke maksimalne snage u realnim uvjetima promjenljivog globalnog osunčanja. S istim ciljem istražuje se i alkalni elektrolizator također eksperimentalno i numeričkim simulacijama. Iz istraživanih matematičkih modela sustava dobiven je uvid u osnovne parametre potrebne za konstrukciju cijelog sustava, a prvenstveno elektrolizatora. U Å”irem smislu, rezultat istraživanja je i doprinos razvoju metode usklađivanja ova dva sustava (elektrolizator i F\N modul) u jedan sustav koji je jednostavniji, pouzdaniji, jeftiniji i učinkovitiji od sličnih postojećih sustava za proizvodnju vodika bez popratne emisije CO2

    Antioxidative effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) in rat thalamus after quinolinic acid-induced neurotoxicity

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    Quinolinic acid (QA) produces a pattern of selective cell loss in the striatum, that closely mimics that of Huntington's disease (HD). The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidative status in the thalamus after intrastriatal application of QA and the influence of nerve growth factor (NGF) on such neurotoxicity. Wistar rats were treated intrastriatally (coordinates: 8.4A, 2.6L, 4.8V), using a stereotaxic instrument. The first group was treated with QA (150 nmol/l). The second group was treated with QA, followed by NGF (4.5 mg/kg b.w). The control group was treated with 0.9 % saline solution. Seven days after the treatment, we found decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in mitochondrial fractions of the striatum of both groups. In the thalamus, SOD activity showed no differences. The content of superoxide anion increased in the striatum of QA- treated animals. It was decreased in both structures in the group that was treated with QA and NGF. In the QA+ NGF-treated group, we found increased glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and GSH, compared to the group that was treated with QA only, but these values were lower than in the controls. Thus, NGF showed beneficial effects on the oxido-reduction status in the striatum, and also in the thalamus, a structure that is separated from but tightly connected with the striatum.Hinolinska kiselina (HK) prouzrokuje takav selektivni gubitak ćelija u strijatumu, koji veoma dobro imitira onaj kod Huntingtonove bolesti. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita antioksidativni status u talamusu nakon aplikacije HK u strijatum i uticaj NGF na takvu neurotoksičnost. Wistar pacovi su tretirani intrastrijatno, pomoću stereotaksičnog instrumenta (koordinate: 8,4A, 2,6L, 4,8V). Prva grupa je bila tretirana HK (150 nmol/l). Druga grupa je bila tretirana HK, a nakon toga je dobila NGF (4.5 mg/ kg b.w). Kontrolna grupa je bila tretirana fizioloÅ”kim rastvorom. Sedam dana nakon tretmana, u mitohondrijskim frakcijama strijatuma, naÅ”li smo smanjenu aktivnost SOD u obema grupama. U talamusu, aktivnost SOD se nije promenila. Sadržaj superoksidnog anjona se povećao u strijatumu životinja koje su bile tretirane HK, a smanjio se u obema strukturama, u grupi koja je bila tretirana sa HK i NGF. U HK+ NGF-tretiranoj grupi, naÅ”li smo povećanu aktivnost GSHPx i GSH u odnosu na grupu koja je bila tretirana samo sa HK, ali su te vrednosti bile manje u odnosu na kontrolne. NGF je pokazao povoljne efekte na oksido-reduktivni status u strijatumu, ali takođe i u talamusu, strukturi koja je odvojena, ali veoma blisko povezana sa strijatumom.nul

    Efekat NGF na antioksidativnu odbranu u talamusu pacova nakon neurotoksičnog delovanja hinolinske kiseline

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    Quinolinic acid (QA) produces a pattern of selective cell loss in the striatum, that closely mimics that of Huntington's disease (HD). The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidative status in the thalamus after intrastriatal application of QA and the influence of nerve growth factor (NGF) on such neurotoxicity. Wistar rats were treated intrastriatally (coordinates: 8.4A, 2.6L, 4.8V), using a stereotaxic instrument. The first group was treated with QA (150 nmol/l). The second group was treated with QA, followed by NGF (4.5 mg/kg b.w). The control group was treated with 0.9 % saline solution. Seven days after the treatment, we found decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in mitochondrial fractions of the striatum of both groups. In the thalamus, SOD activity showed no differences. The content of superoxide anion increased in the striatum of QA- treated animals. It was decreased in both structures in the group that was treated with QA and NGF. In the QA+ NGF-treated group, we found increased glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and GSH, compared to the group that was treated with QA only, but these values were lower than in the controls. Thus, NGF showed beneficial effects on the oxido-reduction status in the striatum, and also in the thalamus, a structure that is separated from but tightly connected with the striatum.Hinolinska kiselina (HK) prouzrokuje takav selektivni gubitak ćelija u strijatumu, koji veoma dobro imitira onaj kod Huntingtonove bolesti. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita antioksidativni status u talamusu nakon aplikacije HK u strijatum i uticaj NGF na takvu neurotoksičnost. Wistar pacovi su tretirani intrastrijatno, pomoću stereotaksičnog instrumenta (koordinate: 8,4A, 2,6L, 4,8V). Prva grupa je bila tretirana HK (150 nmol/l). Druga grupa je bila tretirana HK, a nakon toga je dobila NGF (4.5 mg/ kg b.w). Kontrolna grupa je bila tretirana fizioloÅ”kim rastvorom. Sedam dana nakon tretmana, u mitohondrijskim frakcijama strijatuma, naÅ”li smo smanjenu aktivnost SOD u obema grupama. U talamusu, aktivnost SOD se nije promenila. Sadržaj superoksidnog anjona se povećao u strijatumu životinja koje su bile tretirane HK, a smanjio se u obema strukturama, u grupi koja je bila tretirana sa HK i NGF. U HK+ NGF-tretiranoj grupi, naÅ”li smo povećanu aktivnost GSHPx i GSH u odnosu na grupu koja je bila tretirana samo sa HK, ali su te vrednosti bile manje u odnosu na kontrolne. NGF je pokazao povoljne efekte na oksido-reduktivni status u strijatumu, ali takođe i u talamusu, strukturi koja je odvojena, ali veoma blisko povezana sa strijatumom

    Antioxidative effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) in rat thalamus after quinolinic acid-induced neurotoxicity

    Get PDF
    Quinolinic acid (QA) produces a pattern of selective cell loss in the striatum, that closely mimics that of Huntington's disease (HD). The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidative status in the thalamus after intrastriatal application of QA and the influence of nerve growth factor (NGF) on such neurotoxicity. Wistar rats were treated intrastriatally (coordinates: 8.4A, 2.6L, 4.8V), using a stereotaxic instrument. The first group was treated with QA (150 nmol/l). The second group was treated with QA, followed by NGF (4.5 mg/kg b.w). The control group was treated with 0.9 % saline solution. Seven days after the treatment, we found decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in mitochondrial fractions of the striatum of both groups. In the thalamus, SOD activity showed no differences. The content of superoxide anion increased in the striatum of QA- treated animals. It was decreased in both structures in the group that was treated with QA and NGF. In the QA+ NGF-treated group, we found increased glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and GSH, compared to the group that was treated with QA only, but these values were lower than in the controls. Thus, NGF showed beneficial effects on the oxido-reduction status in the striatum, and also in the thalamus, a structure that is separated from but tightly connected with the striatum.Hinolinska kiselina (HK) prouzrokuje takav selektivni gubitak ćelija u strijatumu, koji veoma dobro imitira onaj kod Huntingtonove bolesti. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita antioksidativni status u talamusu nakon aplikacije HK u strijatum i uticaj NGF na takvu neurotoksičnost. Wistar pacovi su tretirani intrastrijatno, pomoću stereotaksičnog instrumenta (koordinate: 8,4A, 2,6L, 4,8V). Prva grupa je bila tretirana HK (150 nmol/l). Druga grupa je bila tretirana HK, a nakon toga je dobila NGF (4.5 mg/ kg b.w). Kontrolna grupa je bila tretirana fizioloÅ”kim rastvorom. Sedam dana nakon tretmana, u mitohondrijskim frakcijama strijatuma, naÅ”li smo smanjenu aktivnost SOD u obema grupama. U talamusu, aktivnost SOD se nije promenila. Sadržaj superoksidnog anjona se povećao u strijatumu životinja koje su bile tretirane HK, a smanjio se u obema strukturama, u grupi koja je bila tretirana sa HK i NGF. U HK+ NGF-tretiranoj grupi, naÅ”li smo povećanu aktivnost GSHPx i GSH u odnosu na grupu koja je bila tretirana samo sa HK, ali su te vrednosti bile manje u odnosu na kontrolne. NGF je pokazao povoljne efekte na oksido-reduktivni status u strijatumu, ali takođe i u talamusu, strukturi koja je odvojena, ali veoma blisko povezana sa strijatumom.nul

    Autonomous hydrogen production system

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    AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECT OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE ELECTRIC PROPERTIES ON MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRAJECTORY WITH THE AIM OF ITS ALIGNMENT WITH ELECTROLYZER U-I CHARACTERISTIC

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    In order to combine a photovoltaic module and an electrolyzer to produce hydrogen from water, an intermediate DC/DC converter can be used to adapt output power features of the module to input power features of the electrolyzer. This can also be done without using electronics, which results in saving as much as 700 USD/kW, as previous investigation has shown. A more sophisticated investigation should be carried out with the aim of improving high system efficiency, resulting in matching the photovoltaic module maximum power point trajectory (the maximum power point path in the U-I plane as a result of solar irradiance change) to the operating characteristic of the electrolyzer. This paper presents an analysis of the influences of photovoltaic module electric properties, such as series and parallel resistance and non-ideality factor, on the maximum power point trajectory at different levels of solar irradiance. The possibility of various inclinations (right - vertical - left) in relation to an arbitrary chosen operating characteristic of the electrolyzer is also demonstrated. Simulated results are obtained by using Matlab/Simulink simulations of the well known one-diode model. Simulations have been confirmed with experiments on a real photovoltaic module where solar irradiance, solar cell temperature, electric current, and voltage in the circuit with variable ohmic resistance have been measured
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