Development of Diagnostic Leaf Nutrient Norms and Identification of Yield Limiting Nutrients Using DRIS in Rose Grown under Protected Conditions

Leaf samples collected from protected cultivation units of rose around Bangalore (Karnataka) and Hosur (Tamil Nadu), when flower buds were at pea size, were processed and analyzed for various nutrients and thus, the data bank was established. By using Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), nutrient expressions, which have shown higher variance and lower coefflcient of variation, were selected as norms viz, N/P(13.02), K/N(0.85), N/S(11.10), P/S(0.853), K/P(11.0), N/Ca(2.18), N/Mg(7.18) etc. In addition, five nutrient ranges have been derived using mean and standard deviation as low, deficient, optimum, high and excess for each nutrient to serve as a guide for diagnostic purpose. The optimum N ranged from 2.53 to 2.96% , P from 0.19 to 0.23%, K from 2.23 to 2.72%, Ca from 1.15 to 1.59%, Mg from 0.41 to 0.55% and S from 0.21 to 0.27%. Among the micronutrients, the optimum Zn ranged from 28 to 64 ppm, Fe from 176 to 240 ppm, Mn from 107 to 175 ppm and Cu from 13 to 21 ppm for roses under protected conditions. The diagnosis of nutrient imbalance (DRIS indices) indicated that the most common yield limiting nutrients were potassium and magnesium among the macronutrients and iron and zinc among the micronutrients in protected cultivation units of rose

Diagnostic Soil Nutrient Standards and Identification of Yield Limiting Nutrients in Onion (Allium cepa) Using DRIS

Soil samples collected from a survey of fifty onion growing fields in Karnataka were analyzed for various macro and micronutrients for establishing a data bank to develop soil nutrient norms. By using Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), the whole population was divided into two sub-groups namely, low and high yielding and selected nutrient expressions that have shown higher variance and lower coefficient of variation as diagnostic norms, viz K/N (1.229), S/N (0.238), Ca/N (20.62), P/Zn (37.41), Mg/K (0.6.859), Fe/Mg (0.004), Fe/Zn (5.736) etc. In addition, five nutrient ranges have been derived using mean and standard deviation as low, deficient, optimum, high and excess for each nutrient to serve as a guide for diagnostic purpose. The optimum organic carbon ranged from 7.1 to 11.0 g kg-1, N from 115 to 178 mg kg-1, P from 26 to 38 mg kg-1 , K from 163 to 217 mg kg-1, Ca from 2199 to 3398 mg kg-1 , Mg from 802 to 1167 mg kg-1 and S from 34 to 43 mg kg-1. Among DTPA extractable micronutrients, the optimum iron ranged from 3.40 to 4.34 mg kg-1, manganese from 5.84 to 6.66 mg kg-1, zinc from 0.67 to 1.01 mg kg-1 and copper from 1.70 to 2.11 mg kg-1 for onion. The diagnosis of nutrient imbalance identified through DRIS indices indicated that organic carbon, phosphorus and zinc were the most common yield limiting nutrients in onion

DRIS Norms for Identifying Yield-Limiting Nutrients in Sapota (Manilkara achras (Mill). Fosberg) Cv. Cricketball

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) identified forty-five nutrient expressions as diagnostic norms from data colleted by surveying seventy-four sapota gardens in Karnataka and dividing the whole population into two sub-groups, namely, low and high yielding, during the year 2005-06. These expressions have shown higher variance and lower coefficient of variation found to have greater diagnostic precision, viz., N/K (0.989), Mg/N (0.264), N/Zn (0.117), Mg/K (0.258), Zn/K (8.609), S/Mg (0.666), Mg/Zn (0.031) etc. The Nutritional Balance Index indicated an overall imbalance of nutrients based on the sum of indices, irrespective of the sign. The diagnosis of nutrient imbalance through DRIS indices indicated that potassium, followed by nitrogen, was the most yieldlimiting nutrient among major nutrients and as were copper and zinc among micronutrients. In addition, five nutrient ranges were derived using mean and standard deviation as low, deficient, optimum, high and excess for each nutrient to serve as a guide for diagnostic purposes. Optimum N in the leaf ranged from 1.60 to 1.85%, P from 0.10 to 0.13%, K from 1.63 to 1.85%, Ca from 0.54 to 0.74%, Mg from 0.42 to 0.47% and S from 0.28 to 0.37%. Among micronutrients, optimum iron concentration in the leaf ranged from 113 to 161 ppm, Mn from 21-31 ppm, Zn from 14 to 17 ppm and Cu from 5 to 7 ppm for 'Criketball' variety of sapota

The Human Brain: A Multimedia Tutorial For The Independent Learner

The Human Brain is a multimedia, interactive, computer-based tutorial on the structure and function of the human nervous system. In creating it, we aim to solve a number of problems, both subject specific and general. As a subject, the structure and function of the nervous system is difficult to teach using traditional methods and there is a lack of integration in the teaching of structure and function. More generally, we are concerned with the difficulties of both assessing student understanding of a particular subject and remedying any deficiencies when the student is learning independently. Finally, we hope to resolve the conflict between linear and explorative modes of presentation of material in a teaching system

Development of Leaf Nutrient Norms and Identification of Yield-Limiting Nutrients Using DRIS in Sapota cv. Kalipatti

A survey was conducted in 106 orchards growing sapota cv. Kalipatti in Raichur, Dharwad and Belgaum districts of Northern Karnataka for developing leaf nutrient norms through Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) for nutrient management. Leaf samples collected were processed and analyzed for macro-and micronutrient status and a data bank was established. The entire population was divided into two sub-groups, namely, low-and high-yielding types to derive the norms. Fifty-five nutrient expressions were chosen as diagnostic norms using DRIS, which have shown higher variance and lower coefficient of variation that are found to have greater diagnostic precision viz., N/K (1.731), N/Ca (0.928), Mg/N (0.360), Fe/N (99.89), N/Cu (0.104), N/B (0.037), Mg/Ca (0.329), Ca/B (0.040), Mg/S (1.103), Fe/Mg (278.6), Mg/Zn (0.037), Mg/B (0.013), Fe/Zn (10.39) etc. The nutritional balance index (NBI) indicated an overall imbalance of nutrients based on sum of the indices, irrespective of sign. Diagnosis of nutrient imbalance through DRIS indices indicated that potassium, boron and zinc to be the most common yield-limiting nutrients in the orchards. In addition, five nutrient ranges/standards were derived using mean and standard deviation as deficient, low, optimum, high and excess for each nutrient, to serve as a guide for diagnostics. Optimum leaf N ranged from 1.51 to 2.09%, P from 0.06 to 0.15% and K from 0.83 to 1.44%. The optimum concentration ranged from 1.36 to 2.34% for Ca, 0.54 to 0.68% for Mg and 0.48 to 0.80 for S. Among the micronutrients, optimum Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B concentrations ranged from 109 to 206 mg kg-1, 49 to 99 mg kg-1, 13.3 to 21.9 mg kg-1, 3.76 to 9.10 mg kg-1 and 34.8 to 66.8 mg kg-1, respectively, for sapota cv. Kalipatti

Interaction between Road Network Connectivity and Spatial Pattern

AbstractRoad network is considered to be one of the keys to regional development of a region. The huge developmental cost of the road network demands effective utilisation, which can be attained only when there is proper connectivity and orientation. But the road network in many urban areas develop in an organic growth pattern. Hence a great emphasis needs to be given to the connectivity pattern of the road network. Urban road network has less theoretical research. Only some developed countries have carried out the evaluation of urban road network and hence it has great potential for development and application prospects.In this study an attempt has been made to analyse the road network connectivity and spatial pattern existing in Calicut city in India, and hence to determine if the network connectivity can explain significant variance in the spatial pattern of the network structure. Analysis reveals that transport network fractality is directly varying with respect to connectivity and coverage of the study area. Network density could better predict fractality of the road network than any other connectivity indicators. This means that there is significant relationship between the level of road network development and the network spatial structure within the study area

Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis Norms (CND) for Guava (Psidium guajava L.)

Multivariate nutrient diagnostic norms were developed for guava using compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) through leaf nutrient concentration vs. yield data bank. CND norms for N (VN), P (VP) and K (VK) were 2.48, 0.23 and 2.13, respectively. Norms for N and K were much higher compared to P, indicating higher requirement of these two nutrients. CND norms are multivariate norms that consider all elements, including unmeasured factors and, therefore, has higher diagnostic sensitivity. Among micronutrients, Fe requirement was much higher than all other nutrients. Interaction among different nutrients was explained by principal component analysis conducted on log-transformed data which produced four significant PCs, explaining about 73.66% of the variance. The four Eigen values added up to 8.1 denoting the four significant PCs. The first PC was positively correlated with P, Zn and R (residue, which is a reflection of dry matter accumulation in the plant) and negatively correlated with Ca, Mg, S and Fe, indicating that P and Zn behaved in one direction and the other elements in opposite direction. In the second PC, antagonistic effect of N, Fe with P and Cu was evident. In PC3, P and Mg were negatively correlated with Mn and Cu. In PC4, N and S showed their behaviour in the same direction. Diagnostic norms developed were used for identification of yield-limiting nutrients in low-yielding orchards. Thus, diagnostic norms and nutrient interactions help evolve nutrient management strategies for guava to realize higher yields and better quality

Graphene-based hybrid materials: synthetic approaches and properties

Carbon has a unique chemistry reflected in its wide presence in the inorganic and organic world - benzene, diamond, graphite, fullerene, carbon nanotubes and now graphene - carbon seems to be at the centre of action in the playground of scientific research. In this review, synthesis and unique properties of graphene and graphene-based composites have been discussed with particular emphasis on the environmentally benign (green) synthetic methods and their wide applications, especially in energy conversion, energy storage, electronics, biomedical and biosensing applications

Comparison of Numerical Schemes for LWR Model under Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions

First order macroscopic model like Lighthill-Whitham-Richards (LWR) has been extensively studied and applied for various homogeneous traffic problems. Applicability and adaptability of LWR models to various heterogeneous traffic conditions is still under exploration. Finding solutions for the macroscopic models using analytical methods is a complicated task, numerical approximations are used. The present study attempts to understand the suitability of different numerical schemes for a traffic conditions in detail. Various first order and second order numerical schemes were chosen for numerical integration. Derivation of the numerical scheme, several important issues like accuracy, stability and convergence of each scheme were discussed. Simulated variables like flow, density and speeds were compared with the original data collected from the two different urban arterials with and without bottlenecks in Delhi, India. The comparison of the results of various numerical schemes shows that Lax-Friedrichs and MacCormack schemes produced better results and more stable than the other schemes

Effect of Particle Size on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline Zinc Ferrite

ZnFe2O4 is one of the most important technological material having applications in radio engineering, radio technology, semiconductors, bio-medical applications etc. ZnFe2O4 when in bulk form shows paramagnetic behavior at room temperature. When ZnFe2O4 is synthesized by some techniques it was possible to see the ferromagnetic behavior. Also, ZnFe2O4 in nanocrystalline form exhibit different magnetic properties. Therefore in the present work we intend to present the properties of particle size behavior of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles. ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by oxalic acid based precursor method. The obtained ZnFe2O4 nano powders were thermally annealed from 300 to 600 °C. The structural and magnetic characterization were measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), IR measurements and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). XRD patterns clearly showed the formation of zinc ferrite. The particle size was observed to increase from 19 to 35 nm with increasing annealing temperature. The lattice constants were observed to decrease with increasing particle size. The nanoparticles size were confirmed using SEM measurements. IR measurements were carried to confirm the phase formation of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles. The Infrared spectra showed the characteristic features of vibrational bands corresponding to spinel ferrite. Room temperature ferromagnetic properties were observed for zinc ferrite having particle sizes 19 and 21 nm. For the particle size 29 and 35 nm it showed paramagnetic nature. The magnetic properties of zinc ferrite nanoparticles were observed to be dependent on the particle size.Keywords: Nanoferrites Zn ferrite Structural properties Magnetic propertie