Bilateral Variation in the Origin and Course of the Vertebral Artery

Understanding the great vessels of the aortic arch and their variations is important for both the endovascular interventionist and the diagnostic radiologist. An understanding of the variability of the vertebral artery remains most important in angiography and surgical procedures where an incomplete knowledge of anatomy can lead to serious implications. In the present case, a bilateral variation in the origin and course of vertebral artery was observed. The left vertebral artery took origin from the arch of aorta and entered the foramen transversarium of the fourth cervical vertebra. The right vertebral artery took origin from the right subclavian artery close to its origin and entered the foramen transversarium of the third cervical vertebra. The literature on the variations of the artery is studied and its clinical significance and ontogeny is discussed

DC Motor Dual Close-Loop PID Speed-Tuning System on The Basis of ABC Algorithm

The DC Servo Motors has top position in various servo motor mechanisms. It is important to study DC Servo motor stability for position control study. Generally transient responses of DC Servo Motor are improved by using PID controller. Currently, to provide workable initial value most tuning methods have been designed. DC servo motor stability for the speed get unstable without any controller . The stability of the system get unstable after 2 second . When the design system will work without PID controller then the stability of the current and speed of the motor is not stable . it is verifying in the form of sinusoidal waveform . For any good design system , system will work in a stable form for current and speed graph . As the graph is showing that the graphs of the DC servo motor is stable up to 2 sec. But the after 2 second the graphs will get unstable . This type of problem can damage the complete model where this type of motor will be used . In this paper we are improving the stability of the current and speed for the DC motor by apply PID controller

In Vitro and In Vivo Study of Poly(ethylene glycol) Conjugated Ibuprofen to Extend the Duration of Action

Ibuprofen–polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugates (PEG-Ibu) were prepared and their potential as a prolonged release system was investigated. Two PEG-Ibu conjugates were synthesized from Ibuprofen and PEG with two different molecular weights by esterification in the presence of DCC and DMAP. The PEG-Ibu conjugates were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, Mass spectroscopy and DSC analysis. The solubility study in aqueous system showed an increase in solubility of conjugates. The dissolution / hydrolysis studies showed a specific acid–base catalysis pattern dependent on the pH of the medium. This indicated a good chemical stability in aqueous buffer solution of acidic medium and the extended release behavior was found in both prodrugs after 9 hour. The results demonstrate that, in the same condition, the rate of hydrolysis for PEG4000-Ibu is slower than other. The Writhing induced by acetic acid experiment and paw edema test after oral administration showed that both conjugates had extended analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects compared with Ibuprofen. These results suggest that PEG-Ibu could be a promising NSAID prodrug with an extended pharmacological effect owing to delayed-release of parent drug

Study of congenital anomalies of fetus and its outcome in a tertiary care centre

Background: According to WHO Congenital anomalies are defined as structural or functional anomalies, including metabolic disorders which are present at the time of birth. Congenital anomalies are a major health problem accounting for 8% to 15% of perinatal deaths and 13% to 16% of neonatal deaths in India. This study was done to know the frequency, pattern of congenital anomalies and various presentations, which may help to develop strategies for patient counseling and management. The objective of study was to present the spectrum of various congenital anomalies, epidemiological features of pregnant women with anomalous fetus.Methods: Retrospective, analytical hospital based study of 45 patients who delivered or aborted congenital anomalous baby from a period of 1st Jan 2012 to 31st August 2015. Relevant information regarding maternal age, parity, gestational age, birth weight, sex, and consanguinity antenatal ultrasound was documented.Results: During the study period 45 congenital anomalies were seen in delivered babies and aborted fetus, 32 (71%) patients were in the age group of 20-29 years. 35 (77%) patients were from rural area and 29 (65%)were unbooked patients. The incidence of congenital malformations was higher among abortions and preterm deliveries. Incidence of congenital anomalies was higher in stillborn. 31 (68%) patients had anomalies diagnosed on antenatal ultrasound. Central nervous system was the most common system involved followed by musculoskeletal system. Anencephaly was the common malformation seen in 12 (27%) patients.Conclusions: Our study concluded that number of congenital anomalies were more in rural patients and were higher in stillborn. Central nervous system was commonly involved. Early diagnosis, antenatal ultrasonography, proper counseling for this pregnancy and subsequent pregnancy in needed for proper management of the problem

A comparative study of intra-cervical foley’s catheter and PGE2 gel for induction of labour at term

Background: In cervical ripening, before induction of labour, is needed to increase the success of labour induction, to reduce complications and to diminish the rate of caesarean section and duration of labour. Pharmacological preparations are in widespread use for cervical ripening but are not free from side-effects and complications. Mechanical methods, i.e. the use of Foley’s catheter balloon, though effective have not gained much popularity because of the fear of infection. Therefore, the study has been conducted to prove the efficacy and safety of extra amniotic Foley catheter balloon and to compare it with intra-cervical prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) gel. The objective of the study was to the success of induction of labor depends on the cervical status at the time of induction. For effective cervical ripening both Foley's catheter and PGE2 gel are used. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of intra cervical Foley's catheter and intra cervical PGE2 gel in cervical ripening for the successful induction of labor.Methods: A randomized, comparative study was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Civil hospital, B.J. Medical College Ahmedabad, during a period of 8 month from September 2018 to April 2019. 100 patients at term with a Bishop's score ≤5 with various indications for induction were randomly allocated to group F (intra-cervical Foley’s catheter) and group P (PGE2 gel) with 50 women included in each group.Results: The groups were comparable with respect to maternal age, gestation age, indication of induction and initial Bishop's score. Both the groups showed significant change in the Bishop's score, 5.10±1.55 and 5.14±1.60 for Foley's catheter and PGE2 gel, respectively, p <0.001. However there was no significant difference between the two groups. There was no significant difference in the side effects and caesarean section rate in both groups. The induction to delivery interval was 16.01±5.50 hours in group F and 16.85 ± 3.81 hours in group P (p=0.073). Apgar scores, birth weights and NICU admissions showed no significant difference between the two groups.Conclusions: The study shows that both Foley's catheter and PGE2 gel are equally effective in pre induction cervical ripening

A 30-kDa host protein binds to two very-late baculovirus promoters

A 30-kDa host factor (polyhedrin-promoter-binding protein; PPBP) specifically binds to sequences critical for transcription from the baculovirus polyhedrin (p29) gene initiator promoter [Burma, S., Mukherjee, B., Jain, A., Habib, S. &amp; Hasnain, S. E. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 2750-2757; Mukherjee, B., Burma, S. &amp; Hasnain, S. E. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 4405-4411]. A host factor also binds, in gel shift assays, to the very-late p10 gene promoter through DNA sequence motifs similar to the PPBP p29 interaction. The p10 host factor complex was specifically competed out with oligonucleotides containing p29 cognate sequence motifs AATAAA and TAAGTATT, but this did not occur when these motifs were replaced with random sequences. From ultraviolet cross-linking analysis, the molecular mass of this host factor was estimated to be approximately 30 kDa. Experiments were performed to investigate if this host factor displayed any differences in affinity and turnover with respect to the p29 and p10 untranslated leader sequences known to be important for temporal fine tuning and the late burst of transcription. Half-life determination of the p10-binding protein revealed similar binding affinities for the initiator elements of both the promoters, but higher affinity for the p10 5'-untranslated region (&#8776;30 min versus &#8776;10 min). The involvement of a similar host factor binding to both the p10 and p29 promoters indicates the possibility of a similar mode of transcription initiation from these two very-late promoters

Abnormal uterine bleeding: a critical analysis of two diagnostic methods

Background: Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) is one of the most common reasons for women to seek gynaecology   consultation. The underlying causes in AUB are many and identifying the exact cause can be a real challenge to the treating gynaecologists. Objectives of current study are to study the common etiology of AUB and to study and correlate the diagnoses of Trans Vaginal Sonography (TVS) and Diagnostic Hysteroscopy (DH) with histopathology diagnosis.Methods: One hundred and thirteen women with AUB were enrolled and evaluated by conventional TVS and DH. The findings were correlated with histopathology diagnosis. The sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive value of TVS and DH were calculated after comparison with final histopathology diagnosis.Results: Fibroids and polyps were the two commonest structural lesions in AUB. For submucosal fibroids, the sensitivity and specificity of DH was found to be 92% and 99% respectively while that of TVS was found to be 85 % and 100 % respectively. For polyps, the sensitivity and specificity of DH was found to be 91% and 98 % respectively and that of TVS was 68% and 93 % respectively. The coefficient of correlation for DH was better than that of TVS.Conclusions: Fibroids and polyps are the two commonest structural lesions causing AUB in the women of reproductive age group.  TVS has a role as primary screening method for the initial work-up AUB before resorting to invasive procedure such as hysteroscopy

Neural Dynamics of Phonological Processing in the Dorsal Auditory Stream

Neuroanatomical models hypothesize a role for the dorsal auditory pathway in phonological processing as a feedforward efferent system (Davis and Johnsrude, 2007; Rauschecker and Scott, 2009; Hickok et al., 2011). But the functional organization of the pathway, in terms of time course of interactions between auditory, somatosensory, and motor regions, and the hemispheric lateralization pattern is largely unknown. Here, ambiguous duplex syllables, with elements presented dichotically at varying interaural asynchronies, were used to parametrically modulate phonological processing and associated neural activity in the human dorsal auditory stream. Subjects performed syllable and chirp identification tasks, while event-related potentials and functional magnetic resonance images were concurrently collected. Joint independent component analysis was applied to fuse the neuroimaging data and study the neural dynamics of brain regions involved in phonological processing with high spatiotemporal resolution. Results revealed a highly interactive neural network associated with phonological processing, composed of functional fields in posterior temporal gyrus (pSTG), inferior parietal lobule (IPL), and ventral central sulcus (vCS) that were engaged early and almost simultaneously (at 80–100 ms), consistent with a direct influence of articulatory somatomotor areas on phonemic perception. Left hemispheric lateralization was observed 250 ms earlier in IPL and vCS than pSTG, suggesting that functional specialization of somatomotor (and not auditory) areas determined lateralization in the dorsal auditory pathway. The temporal dynamics of the dorsal auditory pathway described here offer a new understanding of its functional organization and demonstrate that temporal information is essential to resolve neural circuits underlying complex behaviors

Four years’ maternal mortality updates of a high referral burden teaching hospital of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

Background: Maternal mortality is still a major challenge in developing countries but in our hospital, it touches the extreme height of MMR. The target of the study is to assess the cause of maternal mortality at Sir Sunder Lal Hospital, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.Methods: Data collection was done from the patient maternal mortality records of hospital between 2013 to 2016. Study comprises only maternal mortality cases. Total 165 maternal deaths were included in this study.Results: Maternal mortality ratio is extremely high as compare to other studies. In an increasing trend, in the year 2015 MMR was highest. Moreover, we found direct causes accounted 77.5% of total maternal deaths Hypertensive disorders and eclampsia is the most frequent cause of deaths which represented 33.3%. We found a trend of increased MMR with Increased unbooked cases. 21.2% of total dead women couldn’t get beds in ICU because of not vacancy of beds and 18.8% of total women died due to non-affordability of ICU expenses.Conclusions: Our hospital is a high burden referral apex centre of eastern Utter Pradesh in India which experience mostly referred cases from the periphery. PPH and hypertensive disorder are two major causes which lead to deaths. Cardiovascular dysfunction is most accounted for deaths. Mostly patients were needed ventilatory support to survive but lack of separate ICU and improper antenatal visits leads to MMR higher. However, many other factors like ill-literacy, poor transportation, poor referral note, poor socio-demographic status should be dealt to incline the MMR.

Prevalence and symptomatology of polycystic ovarian syndrome in Indian women: is there a rising incidence?

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome [PCOS] is a complex ill understood hormonal disorder resulting in myriads of symptoms like irregular menses, hyperandrogenism, metabolic disturbances and infertility. It occurs in about 8-11% of reproductive age group women. Recently changing lifestyles and rising obesity worldwide have contributed to rise in the incidence of PCOS. Objective of the present is to study the prevalence and symptomatology of PCOS in Indian women.Methods: 170 women in reproductive age group, with irregular menstrual cycles attending OPD, voluntarily participated in a cross sectional study. All were subjected to detailed history, examination and investigated with a battery of lab tests to confirm PCOS. Out of 170 women investigated 70 women with features of PCOS were included in the study (diagnosed as PCOS by NIH criteria).Results: The overall prevalence of PCOS in the study population was, 41%. It was 16% in married women and 24 % in unmarried girls. Common menstrual irregularity was-oligomenorrhea (40%), Menorrhagia (12.8%) amenorrhea (11%). Common symptoms were hirsutism, acne, infertility and alopecia.Conclusions: PCOS is rising in young women and to some extent the changing lifestyle in urban women may be linked to it. There in a world-wide increase in the incidence of obesity, diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, PCOS and its accompanying insulin resistance is contributing to it. Treating PCOS and its complications is adding to health care burden