Calculation of <i>M</i>. <i>bovis</i> survival and half-life time (and 95% confidence intervals) using the estimators of two separate logistic regressions applied on ZN and PCR data.

<p>* Confidence intervals calculated using a non-linear combination of estimators</p><p>Calculation of <i>M</i>. <i>bovis</i> survival and half-life time (and 95% confidence intervals) using the estimators of two separate logistic regressions applied on ZN and PCR data.</p

Survival of M. bovis over time with regard to spiking dose and storage temperature.

<p>Survival of <i>M</i>. <i>bovis</i> was measured as the number of medium slopes yielding at least one colony of <i>M</i>. <i>bovis</i> and tested by ZN staining and PCR.</p><p>TSI: time since <i>M</i>. <i>bovis</i> inoculation</p><p>*<i>M</i>. <i>fortuitum</i> was isolated</p><p>^(S) Spoiled culture result</p><p>Survival of M. bovis over time with regard to spiking dose and storage temperature.</p

Results of Ziehl-Neelsen staining and PCR amplification of <i>M</i>. <i>bovis</i> isolated from milk spiked with different doses and stored at 20°C.

<p>The left column presents the results using outcome of ZN staining as response variable, whereas a serial combination of microscopy and PCR was used in the right column. Graphs include raw data (◊), estimated means (▬) and the 95% confidence intervals (─). Graphs were truncated on the right because no AFB positive cultures were observed after day 30.</p

Whole genome sequence phylogenetic tree created using RAxML of 14 Eritrea dairy cattle abattoir samples and other field isolates that happen to share the same common ancestor with Eritrean isolates in the National Veterinary Services Laboratories’ database.

<p>These include cattle isolates from Ethiopia, United States and Spain. Also included in the tree are well known type strains, including BCG, Bz-31150 –a recently sequenced AF2 strain, AN5 –used in PPD production, 95–1315 –Michigan deer strain, Ravenel and AF2122/97.</p

Spoligotype patterns with their SB-numbers retrieved from www.<i>Mbovis.org</i> of 14 <i>M. bovis</i> isolates (TB numbers) and VNTR profiles with their designations (ER-1 -ER-6) from tissues with TBLs collected at the Asmara municipal slaughterhouse.

<p>Spoligotype patterns with their SB-numbers retrieved from <a href="http://www.Mbovis.org" target="_blank">www.<i>Mbovis.org</i></a> of 14 <i>M. bovis</i> isolates (TB numbers) and VNTR profiles with their designations (ER-1 -ER-6) from tissues with TBLs collected at the Asmara municipal slaughterhouse.</p

Total number of cattle slaughtered, and number of totally and partially condemned carcasses and organs due to the presence of tuberculosis-like lesions (TBL) from 2010 to 2015 (inclusive) at Asmara municipal slaughterhouse in Eritrea.

<p>Total number of cattle slaughtered, and number of totally and partially condemned carcasses and organs due to the presence of tuberculosis-like lesions (TBL) from 2010 to 2015 (inclusive) at Asmara municipal slaughterhouse in Eritrea.</p

Tissues with tuberculosis-like lesions (TBL) collected at the Asmara slaughterhouse, animals’ characteristics, ante mortem signs (AM signs), post mortem signs (PM signs), and origin of the slaughtered animals.

<p>Tissues with tuberculosis-like lesions (TBL) collected at the Asmara slaughterhouse, animals’ characteristics, ante mortem signs (AM signs), post mortem signs (PM signs), and origin of the slaughtered animals.</p

African comparison of spoligo patterns and VNTR profiles showing common traits with the Eritrean samples.

<p>African comparison of spoligo patterns and VNTR profiles showing common traits with the Eritrean samples.</p

(a-f). Characterization of histological lung lesions in white rhinoceroses.

<p>(a) Acute inflammation: acute ulcerative bronchitis with necrosis (n) and neutrophils (*) in the lumen (PB2, H&E, x200). (b) Subacute inflammation: lymphoplasmacytic (#) and histiocytic (^) interstitial pneumonia (PB2, H&E, x200). (c) Subacute inflammation with necrosis: interstitial pneumonia from with central necrosis (PB2, H&E, x100). (d) Chronic pulmonary granuloma with a capsule (white arrow) and mineralized (m) cellular and inflammatory debris in the center (PB2, H&E, x40). (e) A chronic pulmonary inflammatory focus with a capsule and central mineralized material and a fibrous nodule (white arrowhead) with a few inflammatory cells in the center (PB1, H&E, x40). (f) Fibrous nodule (black arrowhead) consisting only of mature collagen (PB1, H&E, x100).</p

(a-c). Histological illustration of infectious agents in white rhinoceros lung.

<p>(a) A single fine short acid fast bacterial rod consistent with Mycobacteria (black arrow) in a multinucleate giant cell in a granuloma in the tracheobronchial lymph node (PB1, Ziehl Neelsen, x400). (b) A syncytial cell (black arrowhead) consistent with viral etiology associated with acute interstitial pneumonia (PB2, H&E, x400). (c) Nematode larval section (double arrowhead) associated with subacute lymphoplasmacytic (#) and eosinophilic (°) pneumonia (PB2, H&E, x100).</p